Liberalism

• What is a key principle of liberalism regarding government?

  Government by consent
• What does "no one has an inherited right to rule" imply in liberalism?


  Rejects the divine right of kings
• What guarantees individual freedom in liberalism?


  Foundational equality and rights for all citizens
• What type of democracy is associated with liberalism?


  Representative democracy
• What is the role of the state in liberalism?

  Limited role within society and economy
• What does socially liberal mean in the context of liberalism?


  Freedom from government restrictions on personal issues
• What does fiscally liberal refer to?


  Freedom from government regulation in the economy
• How do liberal policies benefit the rich?


  No minimum wage and minimal income tax
• What natural rights do individuals have according to liberalism?


  Life, liberty, and estate
• What are the strands of liberalism?

  • Classics: Locke, early J.S. Mill, Wollstonecraft
  • Moderns: Friedan, late J.S. Mill, Rawls
  • Neo-libs: R. Nozick
• What is a key belief of classical liberals?


  Rights of freedom from government control
• What do modern liberals argue regarding the role of the state?


  Increased role to ensure freedom from poverty
• How does modern liberalism relate to classical liberalism?


  It adapts classical ideas for modern problems
• What is the goal of modern liberalism?


  Create conditions for individuals to realize potential
• What does classical liberalism emphasize about individual freedom?


  Individuals should pursue their interests freely
• What is the belief of individualism in liberalism?


  Rights and freedom are prioritized over societal demands
• What did Locke believe about man's natural state?


  It was one of freedom and equality
• How do modern liberals view societal inequalities?


  They believe society is not equal
• What did Rawls argue about societal position?


  It affects individual success or failure
• What is egotistical individualism?


  Focus on individual freedom and self-interest
• What is developmental individualism?


  Requires government intervention for freedom
• What is the harm principle proposed by John S. Mill?


  States should prevent harm to others
• What does the term "Liber" mean?

  Free man
• How did the Protestant Reformation contribute to liberalism?


  Promoted personal relationships with God and education
• What was the significance of the British Isles' conflicts in the 1600s?

  Led to beliefs in radical change and liberal ideas
• What did the Levellers and Diggers advocate for?

  Shared land ownership instead of individual ownership
• What is the relationship between classical and modern liberalism?


  Modern liberalism builds on classical ideas
• What is negative freedom?


  Freedom from government interference
• What is positive freedom?


  State assists individuals to achieve their dreams
• What did John Locke advocate regarding government power?


  Power should be limited and based on consent
• What is the social contract theory?


  Agreement between individuals and the state
• What did Locke believe about religious matters?

  The government should not interfere with them
• What is the significance of natural rights in liberalism?


  They must be respected and protected
• What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?


  Extending freedom to women
• What did Thomas Paine's "The Rights of Man" address?

  Foundational rights for individuals
• What did Mary Wollstonecraft write?


  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
• What is the relationship between liberalism and the Enlightenment?


  Enlightenment ideas informed liberalism's principles
• What did Jeremy Bentham believe in?


  The greatest happiness for the greatest number
• What is the harm principle's implication for society?


  Limits personal freedom to prevent harm
• What does the term "negative freedom" refer to?


  Freedom from interference by the state