Feras

• What are alkanes?

  Hydrocarbons with only single bonds
• Why are alkanes considered saturated?

  They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
• How are alkanes named?

  Using prefixes and the suffix -ane
• What is the name of the alkane with one carbon atom?

  Methane
• What is the chemical formula for ethane?

  C₂H₆
• What are the properties of alkanes?

  Non-polar, low reactivity, less dense than water
• What defines alkenes?

  At least one double bond between carbon atoms
• How are alkenes named?

  Using the suffix -ene
• What is the chemical formula for butene?

  C₄H₈
• What defines alkynes?

  At least one triple bond between carbon atoms
• How are alkynes named?

  Using the suffix -yne
• What is the chemical formula for butyne?

  C₄H₆
• Why are alkenes and alkynes more reactive than alkanes?

  Due to the presence of double or triple bonds
• What is the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons?

  Contain a benzene ring or similar structure
• What are the properties of aromatic hydrocarbons?

  Distinct odor, often used as solvents
• How do aromatic hydrocarbons react?

  Undergo substitution reactions
• What are hydrocarbon derivatives?

  Compounds derived from hydrocarbons with functional groups
• How do the properties of hydrocarbon derivatives vary?

  Depending on the functional group present
• What are polymers and their types?

  • Large molecules made of repeating units (monomers)
  • Types:
  • Addition (chain-growth) polymers
  • Condensation (step-growth) polymers
• What are natural polymers?

  • Naturally occurring polymers
  • Examples:
  • Cellulose (in plants)
  • Proteins (made of amino acids)
  • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• What is buffer capacity?

  The ability to resist pH changes
• How does buffer capacity relate to concentration?

  Higher concentration increases buffer capacity
• When do buffers work best?

  When acid and conjugate base concentrations are equal
• What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?

  To calculate the pH of a buffer solution
• What does the variable pH represent in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

  Acidity of the solution
• What does the variable pK represent in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

  Acid dissociation constant
• What does [A'] represent in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

  Concentration of the conjugate base
• What does [HA] represent in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

  Concentration of the weak acid
• How does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation help in buffer solutions?

  Determines pH changes with varying concentrations