Muscular

• What are the three types of muscles?

  Cardiac, skeletal, smooth
• What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

  It does not fatigue
• How do skeletal muscles contract?

  By impulses sent by the brain
• Which muscle type is found in the heart?

  Cardiac muscle
• What is the function of smooth muscle?

  Controls body functions like food movement
• Can you name a major skeletal muscle?

  Biceps
• What are the major skeletal muscles of the muscular system?

  • Deltoids
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Wrist flexors
  • Wrist extensors
  • Supinators
  • Pronators
  • Pectorals
  • Abdominals
  • Obliques
  • Quadriceps
  • Hip flexors
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Erector spinae
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Gluteals
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
• What is the role of agonist muscles?

  They contract to create movement
• What is an antagonist muscle?

  It relaxes when the agonist contracts
• What are the types of skeletal muscle contraction?

  • Isometric
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
• What is isometric contraction?

  The muscle contracts without movement
• What happens during concentric contraction?

  The muscle contracts and shortens
• What is eccentric contraction?

  The muscle contracts and lengthens
• What are the three types of muscle fibers?

  Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx
• What is a characteristic of Type I muscle fibers?

  They have high resistance to fatigue
• What type of events are Type IIx fibers suited for?

  Power events like shot-put
• What is the all or none law in muscle contraction?

  All fibers contract or none do
• What are the responses of the muscular system to a single exercise session?

  • Increased blood supply
  • Increased muscle temperature
  • Increased muscle pliability
  • Lactate accumulation
  • Microtears
• What is the effect of increased blood supply during exercise?

  It meets the demand for oxygen
• What causes lactate accumulation?

  High-intensity anaerobic exercise
• What are microtears in muscles?

  Tiny tears from resistance training
• What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

  Pain felt 24-48 hours after exercise
• What are the adaptations of the muscular system to exercise?

  • Hypertrophy
  • Increased tendon strength
  • Increase in myoglobin stores
  • Increase in number and size of mitochondria
  • Increase in storage of glycogen
  • Increase in storage of fat
  • Increased tolerance to lactate
• What is hypertrophy in muscles?

  Increase in muscle size and strength
• How does regular training affect tendon strength?

  It increases tendon strength
• What is the role of mitochondria in muscles?

  Site of aerobic respiration
• What is the effect of increased myoglobin stores?

  Improved oxygen storage in muscles
• What is the significance of increased glycogen storage?

  More energy available for exercise
• How does increased tolerance to lactate improve performance?

  Reduces fatigue during high-intensity exercise
• What causes swelling in muscle tissue?

  Micro tears in muscle fibres
• Why is rest important after exercise?

  It allows the body to repair micro tears
• What does DOMS stand for?

  Delayed onset of muscle soreness
• When does DOMS typically occur after exercise?

  24–48 hours after strenuous exercise
• What causes DOMS?

  Micro tears from unaccustomed exercise intensity
• What type of muscle contraction is associated with DOMS?

  Eccentric muscle contraction
• What is hypertrophy in muscle training?

  • Increase in muscle size and strength
  • Result of muscle fibres becoming larger
  • Caused by regular resistance training
• What are tendons made of?

  Tough fibrous connective tissue
• How do tendons adapt to exercise?

  They increase in flexibility and strength
• What is the role of mitochondria in muscle fibres?

  Aerobic energy production
• How does an increase in fibre size affect mitochondria?

  More room for larger mitochondria