Cardiovascular

• What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

  Atria, ventricles, valves, aorta, vena cava

  
• What is the function of the atria in the heart?

  They hold deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
• What is the role of the bicuspid valve?

  Stops blood flowing back into the left atrium
• What do the coronary arteries supply?

  Blood to the heart
• How do arteries differ from veins?

  Arteries carry blood away; veins carry blood towards
• What is the composition of blood?

  Red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, platelets

  
• What is the main function of red blood cells?

  To carry oxygen
• What does plasma do?

  Transports blood components and carbon dioxide
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  To protect the body by fighting infections
• What do platelets do?

  Prevent blood loss by plugging injuries
• What is the function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?

  Deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove waste
• How does the cardiovascular system thermoregulate?

  Through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• What is the sinoatrial node (SAN) known as?

  The heart's pacemaker
• What does the atrioventricular node (AVN) do?

  Slows down the signal from the SAN
• What is the role of the bundle of His?

  Transports impulses from the AVN
• What happens during an anticipatory rise in heart rate?

  Heart rate increases due to adrenaline release
• What is cardiac output?

  Amount of blood pumped in one minute
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
• What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

  Blood pressure increases as more blood is pumped
• What is vasodilation?

  Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow
• What is cardiac hypertrophy?

  Thickening of heart walls for stronger contractions
• How does exercise affect resting heart rate?

  It decreases due to increased heart efficiency
• What is capillarisation?

  Increase in capillaries around muscles and alveoli
• What is the effect of training on blood volume?

  Training increases blood volume
• What is the impact of high blood pressure on exercise?

  It can increase the risk of heart disease
• What is sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS)?

  A condition causing unexpected cardiac arrest
• How does hyperthermia affect the cardiovascular system?

  It can lead to overheating and stress
• How does hypothermia affect the cardiovascular system?

  It can slow heart rate and blood flow
• How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect heart rate?

  Sympathetic increases; parasympathetic decreases heart rate
• What is the role of the septum in the heart?

  It separates the left and right sides of the heart
• What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

  Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

  Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• What is the role of the aorta?

  Transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• What is the function of the vena cava?

  Transports deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
• What is the function of the right ventricle?

  Holds deoxygenated blood before pumping to lungs
• What is the function of the left ventricle?

  Holds oxygenated blood before pumping to body
• What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

  Stops blood flowing back into the right atrium
• What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?

  Stops blood flowing back into the ventricles
• What is the function of the coronary arteries?

  Supply blood to the heart muscle
• What is the role of capillaries?

  Allow diffusion of gases between blood and tissues