AO3

• What is the term for applying a theory from one culture to another?

  Imposed etic
• Why is imposed etic a problem in attachment research?

  It disregards cultural uniqueness in behavior
• What does meta-analysis allow researchers to do?

  Draw conclusions from a very large sample
• Is meta-analysis a strength or limitation, and why?

  It is a strength due to larger sample size
• What did Van Ijzendoorn's study actually compare?

  It compared countries, not cultures
• Why is comparing countries instead of cultures problematic?

  Many cultures exist within a single country
• What do indigenous theories of attachment aim to explain?

  Attachment rooted in individual cultures
• Are there core similarities in attachment across cultures?

  Yes, there may be core similarities
• What role does culture play in forming attachments?

  Culture influences attachment formation
• Why might we need individual theories for different cultures?

  Because cultures can be very different
• What is a validity issue with the 'Strange Situation' in other cultures?

  It reflects American cultural assumptions
• How is secure attachment viewed in Western cultures?

  Willingness to explore is a sign
• How is secure attachment viewed in Japanese cultures?

  Dependence is seen as secure attachment
• What can happen to Japanese infants in the 'Strange Situation'?

  They may appear insecurely attached
• What is a strength of meta-analyses regarding population validity?

  Sample size is much greater
• What ethical advantage does meta-analysis have?

  Uses secondary data, no new trauma
• How do large samples enhance validity in research?

  They reduce individual differences and anomalies
• What is a limitation of using secondary data in meta-analysis?

  Researchers cannot control all variables
• What issue arises from small sample sizes in some countries?

  Results may not be truly representative
• What did Van Ijzendoorn and Sagi (2001) find in Tokyo?

  Attachment distributions similar to Western studies
• What did Van Ijzendoorn and Sagi find in rural Japan?

  Over-representation of insecure-resistant individuals
• Why might original studies show more variation within cultures?

  Data collected on different subcultures
• What do indigenous theories allow psychologists to produce?

  Explanations of attachment rooted in cultures
• What do Posada and Jacobs argue about attachment universality?


  Evidence supports universality of attachment
• What may differ across cultures in attachment expressions?

  Maternal sensitivity and secure-base behavior
• What does Bowlby argue about universal similarities in attachments?

  They are innate and unaffected by culture
• What do Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest about cultural similarities?

  Mass media influences parenting ideas globally
• What might cultural similarities in attachments indicate?

  Influence of an increasingly global culture