Medical Diagnosis

• What is the most common urine test performed?

  To look for glucose in the urine
• Why should there be no glucose in urine?

  All glucose should be reabsorbed by the PCT
• What does the presence of glucose in urine suggest?

  Issues with homeostatic control of glucose
• What are ketones produced from?

  The metabolism of people with diabetes
• What does the presence of ketones in urine indicate?

  The person may have diabetes mellitus
• What does protein in urine suggest?

  High blood pressure or kidney issues
• What do positive tests for nitrate ions in urine indicate?

  A bacterial infection in the urinary tract
• What hormone is detected in pregnancy tests?

  Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Where is hCG secreted from?

  By the early embryo after implantation
• How do pregnancy testing sticks minimize false results?

  By using monoclonal antibodies specific to hCG
• What are monoclonal antibodies used for in pregnancy tests?

  To detect hCG in urine
• What substances can urine samples be tested for in athletes?

  Anabolic steroids
• Why are anabolic steroids tested in athletes?

  They rapidly build muscle mass
• How are anabolic steroids detected in urine?

  Via gas chromatography or mass spectrometry