Skeletal

• ligament


  flexible band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
• cartilage


  tough, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and decreases friction
• bone marrow


  soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones which produces blood cells
• medullary cavity


  cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
• axial skeleton


  bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
• appendicular skeleton


  forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
• compact bone


  hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones
• spongy bone


  located toward the end of long bone; contains small open spaces which lightens bone
• innervated


  contains nerve fibers
• vascular


  contains blood vessels
• osteocyte


  mature bone cell
• osteoblast


  cells that make bone
• osteoclast


  cell that breaks down bone
• chondrocyte


  mature cartilage cell
• osteon


  unit of compact bone; made up of concentric circles called Haversian canals
• epiphyseal plate


  growth plate, made of cartilage found near the ends of long bones; gradually turns to bone as skeleton matures
• bone remodeling


  ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
• parathyroid hormone


  hormone that stimulates calcium release from bones
• calcitonin


  hormone that increases the deposition of calcium into the bones
• closed fracture


  broken bone with no break in the skin
• open fracture


  broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
• comminuted fracture


  bone breaks into many fragments
• greenstick fracture


  only one side of the bone shaft is broken, and the other is bent; most often seen in children
• transverse fracture


  break is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
• compression fracture


  fracture in which the bone collapses especially in short bones such as vertebrae
• stress fracture


  small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
• spiral fracture


  ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
• hematoma


  localized swelling filled with blood
• bony callus


  osteoblasts produce a mass of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartilage to a bony callus as a fracture heals
• cervical


  vertebrae of the neck
• thoracic


  vertebrae of the chest or thorax
• lumbar


  vertebrae of the lower back
• sacrum


  wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae connecting the two pelvic bones
• coccyx


  tail-bone
• suture


  immovable joint that connects the bones of the skull
• mandible


  lower jaw bone
• maxilla


  upper jaw bone
• frontal bone


  forms the forehead
• parietal bones


  two bones on the side and top of the skull
• temporal bones


  two bones that form the lateral aspects and floor of the skull