b3 infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• What type of diseases do pathogens cause?

  Communicable (infectious) diseases
• Can both plants and animals be infected by pathogens?

  Yes, both can be infected
• How small are bacteria compared to body cells?

  About 1/100th the size
• How do bacteria make you feel ill?

  By producing toxins that damage cells
• What are viruses not classified as?

  Cells
• How do viruses replicate inside the body?

  Using the host cell's machinery
• What happens to the host cell after a virus replicates?

  The cell usually bursts, releasing viruses
• What type of organisms are protists?

  Single-celled eukaryotes
• How do some protists cause damage to other organisms?

  By living as parasites inside them
• What are fungi made up of?

  Hyphae and spores
• How can hyphae affect human skin?

  They can penetrate and cause diseases
• How can pathogens be spread through water?

  By drinking or bathing in dirty water
• How can pathogens be spread through the air?

  By being breathed in from droplets
• How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?

  By touching contaminated surfaces
• What are the three viral diseases you need to know about?

  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Influenza
• How is measles prevented?

  By vaccinating children
• How can HIV be transmitted?

  By sharing needles
• What happens during late stage HIV infection?

  The immune system is badly damaged
• What is a fungal disease affecting rose plants?

  Black spot
• How does black spot affect plants?

  It reduces photosynthesis and growth
• How is black spot spread?

  Through water or wind
• How can gardeners treat black spot?

  Using fungicides and removing affected leaves
• What disease is caused by a protist?

  Malaria
• How is malaria transmitted?

  By mosquitoes that are vectors
• What symptoms does malaria cause?

  Repeating episodes of fever
• How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

  By stopping mosquitoes from breeding
• How can people protect themselves from mosquitoes?

  Using insecticides and mosquito nets
• What are two bacterial diseases you need to know about?

  Gonorrhoea and cholera
• How is gonorrhoea treated?

  With antibiotics
• How can the spread of disease be reduced?

  By being hygienic and isolating infected individuals
• What are the methods to prevent the spread of disease?

  • Being hygienic
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
• What role does the skin play in the immune system?

  Acts as a barrier to pathogens
• How do hairs and mucus in the nose help fight disease?

  They trap particles that contain pathogens
• What does hydrochloric acid in the stomach do?

  Kills pathogens that enter the stomach
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting foreign cells
• What are antibodies?

  Proteins that lock onto invading cells
• How do antibodies provide immunity?

  By rapidly producing antibodies upon re-infection
• What do antitoxins do?

  Counteract toxins produced by bacteria
• How do vaccinations work?

  By injecting small amounts of dead pathogens