topic 3- disease

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms causing infectious diseases
• How do pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi
• What is a characteristic of viruses?

  They use host cells to replicate
• What happens when a virus replicates in a cell?

  The cell bursts, releasing copies into bloodstream
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By binary fission
• What do bacteria produce that can damage cells?

  Toxins
• What are protists known for?

  Some are parasitic, using hosts
• What is a characteristic of fungi?

  They can produce spores for spreading
• How can pathogens spread through direct contact?

  Touching contaminated surfaces or fluids
• What is a droplet infection?

  Pathogens expelled in droplets from sneezing
• How can hygiene improve health?

  By limiting the spread of pathogens
• How does vaccination work?

  Injects dead or inactive pathogen to build immunity
• What is a common viral disease?

  Measles
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is measles spread?

  Through droplet infection
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How can the spread of HIV be prevented?

  Using condoms and not sharing needles
• What is the tobacco mosaic virus?

  A plant pathogen affecting many plants
• What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

  Discolouration of leaves
• How is HIV spread?

  Through sexual contact or bodily fluids
• How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

  Contact between diseased and healthy plants
• How can tobacco mosaic virus be prevented?

  Good field hygiene and pest control
• What is a common bacterial disease?

  Salmonella food poisoning
• What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How is salmonella spread?

  Through raw meat and unhygienic conditions
• How can salmonella be prevented?

  Vaccinating poultry and cooking food thoroughly
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted bacterial disease
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  Through unprotected sexual contact
• How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

  Using condoms and antibiotics
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease affecting rose plants
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Through water or wind-spread spores
• How can rose black spot be prevented?

  Using fungicides or stripping affected leaves
• What is malaria?

  A disease caused by protist pathogens
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Fevers and shaking
• How is malaria spread?

  By female Anopheles mosquito bites
• How can malaria be prevented?

  Using insecticide-coated nets and removing stagnant water
• What is the role of the non-specific defence system?

  To prevent pathogens from entering the body