Hypercalcaemia of malignancy

• What is hypercalcaemia of malignancy?

  Paraneoplastic syndrome
• What is hypercalcaemia of malignancy associated with?

  Advanced stages of cancer
• Which cancers are hypercalcaemia of malignancy particularly associated with?

  Breast

  Lung

  Multiple myeloma
• What causes hypercalcaemia of malignancy?

  Tumour secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein -> inc bone reabsorption and renal tubular calcium reabsorption
• What are some signs and symptoms of hypercalcaemia of malignancy?

  Polyuria

  Polydispsia

  Constipation

  Nausea

  Confusion

  Lethargy
• How is hypercalcaemia of malignancy diagnosed?

  Elevated serum calcium levels + appropriate clinical context
• How is hypercalcaemia of malignancy treated?

  Hydration

  Biphosphates or denosumab (inhibit oclasts)
• How does refractory hypercalcaemia of malignancy or rapid reduction of serum calcium need to be treated?

  Haemodialysis