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families and households
demography
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Cards (41)
demography
the study of
stats
which show the
change
in
structure
of human
populations
population increase
birth
rates
immigration
longer
life
expectancies
population decrease
death
rate
emigration
war
natural
disasters
fertility rate
avg. number of
children
is
decreasing
1974
-
lowest
age
of women having
children
reasons for
decline
in birth rate -
changing
position
of
women
Sue
Sharpe's
study
more women in
further
education
women more likely to work
full
time
divorce
is more
accessible
and
acceptable
and live independently
abortion is less
stigmatised
contraception
is more accessible
reasons for
decline
in birth rate - fall in
infant
mortality
harper
- when babies survive parents have
less
children -
child-centredness
improved
housing
better
sanitation
better
nutrition
medical
advancements
reasons for
decline
in birth rate -
economic
liability
laws
protecting children
cost
of raising children
children are now
consumers
not workers
reasons for decline in birth rate -
child centredness
palmer
-
toxic
childhood
shift from
quantity
to quality of children
children as consumers
helicopter parents
and
cotton wool children
ageing
population - an increase in
median
age
in population because of
declining
fertility rates and
rising
life expectancy
dependancy
ratio
- ratio of the
working
population to the
non-working
population
sandwich
generation
- a group of
middle
aged
adults who care for
both
the generation before and after them
reasons for decline in death rates -
medical
advancements
medication
and
vaccines
NHS
technology
-
x-rays
MRI
etc
reasons for the decline in death rates -
nutrition
change in focus on
diet
culture
reasons for decline in death rates - change in
public
health
public
health
measures
new health
regulations
NHS
more people
report
injuries
clean
air
act
reasons for
decline
in death rates -
social
change
awareness of
health
risks
e.g.
smoking
diet
culture
and
healthy
eating
changing
family
structure
- people having children
older
people leading
fitter
lifestyles
migration
immigration
emigration
net migration
immigration
moving
into
a country
emigration
moving
out
of the country
net migration
total
increase/decrease
immigration patterns
1940-45 - mostly irish
1950s - windrush generation of afro-caribbean migration
60s-70s
-
south
asian
brexit-2021
-
no
more
freedom
of movement into/out of europe
impacts of immigration
creates
diversity
stronger
policies
against
multicultural
immigration
emigration
1500-1980 - more people left the UK than joined - due to push factors
some groups join due to religious or racial
persecution
factors
push
factors - what
pushes
you
out
of the country
pull
factors - what
pulls
you
into
another
country
impacts in the
uk
583
,000
immigrants
323
,000
emigrants
47
% of immigrants were
non-eu
38
%
were eu citizens
14
% were
returning
uk citizens
impacts in the uk
births exceed deaths
birth to
non-uk
born mothers -
25
% of
all
uk
births
net migration
stops
population
from
shrinking
2018
-
14%
of population were
immigrants
age structure
immigration
lowers
the
average age
immigrants are
younger
more
fertile
women
/ births
lowers
dependency
ratio
why does migration lower dependency ratio
immigrants
increase
working
population
older
immigrants
go
back
home
immigrants have
more
children
globalisation
the idea that
barriers
between
societies
are
disappearing
and people are becoming
increasingly
interconnected
across national borders
how does globalisation happen
growth of
communication
systems
growth of global
media
the creation of global
markets
fall
of
communism
in
eastern
europe
expansion
of the
eu
trends in migration
acceleration
differentiation
feminisation
of migration
acceleration
migration has
sped
up
2000-2013 - international migration
increased
by
33%
2013
-
862,000
people
left
/entered the uk
differentiation - types of migrants
permanent
settlers
temporary
workers
spouses
forced
migrants
illegal
differentiation
globalisation
creates diversity within migrants
students are now a major migrant group
2014
-
26%
of
post-grads
in the uk were
chinese
super diversity
-
steven
vertovec
migrants
come
from
a wide
range
of
countries
how
super diversity
happens
within
ethnic groups
- people have different
legal statuses
class differences among migrants - citizens,
denizens
,
helots
feminisation
of migration
almost
half
of global
migrants
are
women
- globalisation of the gender division of labour
female migrants are held to
patriarchal
stereotypes
40%
of
care
nurses
are
migrants
global
transfer
of
women's
emotional
labour
- migrant women leave their children to care for other people's children
migrant women are often
'mail
order
brides'
kept in horrible conditions
Enrenreich
and
Hochschild
observed
traditional
female
workers
in western countries
majority of roles are done by women from
3rd
world countries
what are the
trends
in
migrant
women's
work
the expansion of
service
occupations in the
west
increases
demand for
female
labour
western women joined the
labour
force
- do
less
domestic
labour
western
men
unwilling
to
do
domestic
labour
state provides
inadequate
childcare
migrant
sources of
identities
family
friends
neighbourhood
ethnicity
religion
nationality
what might migrants use as part of their identity
their
country
of
origin
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