demography

    Cards (41)

    • demography
      the study of stats which show the change in structure of human populations
    • population increase
      • birth rates
      • immigration
      • longer life expectancies
    • population decrease
      • death rate
      • emigration
      • war
      • natural disasters
    • fertility rate
      • avg. number of children is decreasing
      • 1974 - lowest age of women having children
    • reasons for decline in birth rate - changing position of women
      • Sue Sharpe's study
      • more women in further education
      • women more likely to work full time
      • divorce is more accessible and acceptable and live independently
      • abortion is less stigmatised
      • contraception is more accessible
    • reasons for decline in birth rate - fall in infant mortality
      • harper - when babies survive parents have less children - child-centredness
      • improved housing
      • better sanitation
      • better nutrition
      • medical advancements
    • reasons for decline in birth rate - economic liability
      • laws protecting children
      • cost of raising children
      • children are now consumers not workers
    • reasons for decline in birth rate - child centredness
      • palmer - toxic childhood
      • shift from quantity to quality of children
      • children as consumers
      • helicopter parents and cotton wool children
    • ageing population - an increase in median age in population because of declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy
    • dependancy ratio - ratio of the working population to the non-working population
    • sandwich generation - a group of middle aged adults who care for both the generation before and after them
    • reasons for decline in death rates - medical advancements
      • medication and vaccines
      • NHS
      • technology - x-rays MRI etc
    • reasons for the decline in death rates - nutrition
      • change in focus on diet culture
    • reasons for decline in death rates - change in public health
      • public health measures
      • new health regulations
      • NHS
      • more people report injuries
      • clean air act
    • reasons for decline in death rates - social change
      • awareness of health risks e.g. smoking
      • diet culture and healthy eating
      • changing family structure - people having children older
      • people leading fitter lifestyles
    • migration
      • immigration
      • emigration
      • net migration
    • immigration
      • moving into a country
    • emigration
      • moving out of the country
    • net migration
      total increase/decrease
    • immigration patterns
      • 1940-45 - mostly irish
      • 1950s - windrush generation of afro-caribbean migration
      • 60s-70s - south asian
      • brexit-2021 - no more freedom of movement into/out of europe
    • impacts of immigration
      • creates diversity
      • stronger policies against multicultural immigration
    • emigration
      • 1500-1980 - more people left the UK than joined - due to push factors
      • some groups join due to religious or racial persecution
    • factors
      • push factors - what pushes you out of the country
      • pull factors - what pulls you into another country
    • impacts in the uk
      • 583,000 immigrants
      • 323,000 emigrants
      • 47% of immigrants were non-eu
      • 38% were eu citizens
      • 14% were returning uk citizens
    • impacts in the uk
      • births exceed deaths
      • birth to non-uk born mothers - 25% of all uk births
      • net migration stops population from shrinking
      • 2018 - 14% of population were immigrants
    • age structure
      • immigration lowers the average age
      • immigrants are younger
      • more fertile women / births
      • lowers dependency ratio
    • why does migration lower dependency ratio
      • immigrants increase working population
      • older immigrants go back home
      • immigrants have more children
    • globalisation
      • the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national borders
    • how does globalisation happen
      • growth of communication systems
      • growth of global media
      • the creation of global markets
      • fall of communism in eastern europe
      • expansion of the eu
    • trends in migration
      • acceleration
      • differentiation
      • feminisation of migration
    • acceleration
      • migration has sped up
      • 2000-2013 - international migration increased by 33%
      • 2013 - 862,000 people left/entered the uk
    • differentiation - types of migrants
      • permanent settlers
      • temporary workers
      • spouses
      • forced migrants
      • illegal
    • differentiation
      • globalisation creates diversity within migrants
      • students are now a major migrant group
      • 2014 - 26% of post-grads in the uk were chinese
    • super diversity - steven vertovec
      migrants come from a wide range of countries
    • how super diversity happens
      • within ethnic groups - people have different legal statuses
      • class differences among migrants - citizens, denizens, helots
    • feminisation of migration
      • almost half of global migrants are women - globalisation of the gender division of labour
      • female migrants are held to patriarchal stereotypes
      • 40% of care nurses are migrants
      • global transfer of women's emotional labour - migrant women leave their children to care for other people's children
      • migrant women are often 'mail order brides' kept in horrible conditions
    • Enrenreich and Hochschild
      • observed traditional female workers in western countries
      • majority of roles are done by women from 3rd world countries
    • what are the trends in migrant women's work
      • the expansion of service occupations in the west increases demand for female labour
      • western women joined the labour force - do less domestic labour
      • western men unwilling to do domestic labour
      • state provides inadequate childcare
    • migrant sources of identities
      • family
      • friends
      • neighbourhood
      • ethnicity
      • religion
      • nationality
    • what might migrants use as part of their identity
      their country of origin
    See similar decks