ASSUMPTIONS

• WHAT DO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS COMPARE THE HUMAN MIND TO?

  A COMPUTER
• WHY DO COGNITIE PSYCHOLOGISTS COMPARE THE HUMAN MIND TO A COMPUTER?

  BECAUSE OF HOW WE TAKE IN INFORMATION (INPUT), CHANGE AND STORE IT (PROCESS)BAND THEN RECALL IT WHEN NECESSARY (OUTPUT),
• WHAT DOES THE COMPUTER ANALOGY HIGHLIGHT?


  HOW THE BRAIN DOESNT PASSIVELY RECIEVE INFORMATION BUT ACTIVELY PROCESSES IT- USING COGNITIVE PROCESSES (PALM).
• WHAT DOES THIS PROVE?


  HOW THE MIND IS COMAPRED WITH THE HARDWARE OF A COMUPTER AND THE COGNITIVE PROCESSES WITH A COMPUTER'S SOFTWARE.
• WHAT IS THE EXAMPLE IN THE COMPUTER ANALOGY ASSUMPTION?


  MULTISTORE MODEL OF MEMORY (ATKINSN ANS SHIFFRIN - 1968)
• WHAT WAS PROPOSED IN THIS EXAMPLE?

  
  

  1. INPUT- FROM THE SENSES (EYES, SMELL...)
  2. ATTENTION PAYED= SHORT TERM MEMRY STORE
  3. TO KEEP INFORMATION IN STM= MAINTAINNENCE REHEARSAL
  4. EVENTUALLY INFO GOES TO THE LONG TERM MEMORY STORE
  5. IF NO REHEARSAL= INFO LOST DUE TO DECAY
  6. INFO CAN BE RETRIEVED FROM LTM THROUGH STM, THROUH RETRIEVAL
• WHAT DOES THE COGNITIVE APPROACH SEE HUMANS AS?


  INFORMATION PROCESSORS- COGNITIVE PROCEZSORS WORK TOGETHER TO HELP US MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD AROUND US
• WHAT ARE THE MOST STUDIED COGNITIE PROCESSES

  PERCEPTION. ATTENTION. LANGUAGE. MEMORY
• WHAT DO THESE PROCESSES DO?

  RELATE TO EACHOTHER AND WOR CONSTANTLY TOGETHER TO HELP INDS UNDERSTAND THEIR ENVIRONMENT. THIS IS INFORMATION PROCESSING
• WHAT IS THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES?

  LEVELS OF PROCESSING
• WHAT DOES LEVELS OF PROCESSES MEAN?


  REHEARSAL IS NOT A SUFFICIENT ENOUGH EXPLAINATION FOR CREATING LONG TERM MEMORIES.
• HOW CAN THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSING BE SUPPORTED?


  EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT WHAT IS STORED IN THE LONG TERM MEMORY IS DEPENDANT ON WHAT COGNITIVE PROCESSES ARE BEING USED AT THE TIME OF LEARNING
• HOW CAN THERE BE A DIFFERENCE IN MEMORY?


  INFORMATION IS MORE LIKELY TO BE STORED IN THE LONG TERM MEMORY IF MEANING/MEMORY IS ATTACHED TO IT THAN BEING STORED SUPERFICIALLY.
• WHERE HAS THE EXAMPLE BEEN APPLIED TO?

  EDUCATION WHERE TEACHERS DELIVER CREATIVE LESSONS OR CREATE ACRONYMS FOR KEY TERMINOLOGY SO STUDENTS PROCESS INFORMATION AT A DEEPER LEVEL WITH THE IDEA IT WILL BE STORED IN THE LTM WHERE IT CAN BE RETRIEVED
• WHAT ARE SCHEMAS?

  A SCHEMA IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION OF EVERYTHING ONE KNOWS ABOUT A PERSON, OBJECT OR EVENT THAT ARE BUILT UP FROM EXPERIENCE AND STORED IN THE LTM
• WHAT ARE SCHEMAS DERIVEVED FROM AND HOW ARE THEY REINFORCED?


  THEY'RE GENERALLY DERIVED FROM PAST EXPERIENCES BUT REFINED THROUH FURTHER INTERACTION WITH THE WORLD AROUND US.
• WHY DO SCHEMAS NOT REPRESENT REALITY?

  AS THEY ARE OFTEN BUILT UP BY SOCIAL INTERACTION (eg conversations) AND HOW ONE PERCIEVES THEM
• WHAT ARE SCRIPT SCHEMAS?


  SCHEMAS THAT TELL US WHAT TO EXPECT FROM AN EVENT- EG GOING TO A RESTAURANT.
• WHAT ARE ROLE SCHEMAS?


  SCHEMAS THAT TELL US ABOUT THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A BEING, OR OBJECT (TEACHERS< FRIEND)
• WHAT IS THE EXAMPLE OF SCHEMAS?


  RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY- BARTLETT WAR OF THE GHOSTS (1932)
• WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BARTLETT'S WAR OF THE GHOSTS?


  IT WAS AN UNFAMILLIAR STORY
• WHAT DID BARTLETT FIND?


  WE RECONSTRUCT EVENTS FOR THEM TO FIT IN WITH OUR EXISTING SCHEMAS.
• WHAT DOES SHORTENING MEAN?


  WHEN MEMORIES ARE LEFT SHORTER BECAUSE PARTS OF IT DO NOT FIT EXISTING SCHEMAS
• WHAT DOES RATIONALISE MEAN?


  THIS MEANS WHEN PARTS OF A MEMORY BECOME DISTORTED IN A WAY TO FIT AN EXISTING SCHEMA
• WHAT DOES CONFABULATION MEAN?


  WHEN PARTS OF A MEMORY ARE INVENTED TO FILL IN GAPS- THIS IS NOT DELIBERATE BUT HAPPENS IN ORDER FOR US TO MAKE BETTER SENSE OF THE MEMORY- BY GUIDING BY EXISTING SCHEMAS
• HOW DOES THE COMPUTER ANALOGY LINK TO CBT?

  • FAULTY PROCESSES CAUSE US TO THINK IRRATIONALLY
  • THIS CAN LEAD TO MENTAL DISORDERS SUCHA AS DEPRESSION OR ANXIETY
  • CBT AIMS TO CHALLENGE THESE IRRATIONAL THOUGHT PATTERNS AND REPLACE THEM WITH RATIONAL ONES.
• HOW DOES INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSING LINK TO CBT?


  • IT IS THE ROLE OF THE CBT THERAPIST TO HELP THE CLIENT CHANGE THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORLD AROUND THEM AS THESE ARE SAID TO BE CAUSING THEIR ILLNESS
  • THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUH COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING (WHERE THE THERAPIST ASKS THE PATIENT FOT THE BASE OF THEIR PERCEPTIONS)- IF THE CLIENT THINKS NOBODY LIKES THEM, THE THERAPIST WILL AS FOR EVIDENCE
  • THIS WOULD IDEALLY CAUSE A CHANGE IN PERSPECTIVE AS EVIDENCE IS NOT REAL
• HOW DO SCHEMAS LINK TO CBT?

  • BECK PROPOSED THAT DEPRESSD PEOPLE EXPERIENCE HAVING THE COGNITIVE TRIAD
  • THIS IS A DEVELOPED NEGATIVE SCHEMA OF THEMSELVES, THE WORLD AROUND THEM AND THEIR FUTURE
  • IN CBT THE CLIENT IS HELPED TO CHANGE THESE SCHEMAS, RESULTING IN A CHANGE IN THEIR RESPONSES TO THE WORLD AROUND THEM