Forensic Psychology

• What is the main focus of forensic psychology for AQA level revision?

  To cover the entire forensic psychology unit
• How long does it take to watch all forensic psychology videos back to back?

  About one hour
• What is the top-down approach in offender profiling?

  Creating categories of offender types
• What does modus operandi refer to in criminal behavior?

  A distinctive way offenders commit crimes
• What are the two types of offenders in the top-down approach?

  Organized and disorganized offenders
• How do organized offenders typically behave?

  They plan their crimes and tidy the scene
• What characterizes disorganized offenders?

  They leave messy crime scenes and don't plan
• Who created definitions of organized and disorganized offenders?

  Ressler in 1986
• What did Snook (2007) find about criminal profiling?

  It helps solve cases and is valuable
• What did Cancer (2004) conclude about disorganized features in serial killers?

  They are rare and not distinct types
• Why is the effectiveness of offender profiling difficult to assess?

  It is used alongside other forensic techniques
• What is the bottom-up approach in offender profiling?

  An evidence-based approach using statistical analysis
• Who developed the bottom-up approach?

  David Canter
• What does the five-factor model in the bottom-up approach include?

  Interpersonal coherence, criminal characteristics, and more
• What is geographical profiling?

  Focusing on where an offender is likely to be
• What does the least effort principle suggest?

  Criminals choose nearby crime scenes
• What is the distance decay hypothesis?

  Crimes radiate out from the home base
• What did Canter and Lock (1993) find about British serial sexual assaulters?

  87% were marauders
• What is a limitation of the bottom-up approach?

  It can be hard to distinguish between offenders
• Why is the bottom-up approach considered more scientific?

  It uses statistical analysis from research
• What is a problem with profiling methods?

  They may not apply to statistically abnormal offenders
• What did Lombroso publish in 1876?

  The Criminal Man
• What does the atavistic form suggest about criminals?

  They are genetically more primitive than non-criminals
• What physical traits did Lombroso associate with criminals?

  Asymmetrical faces and heavy brows
• What did Goring (1913) find in his study?

  No physical differences between criminals and non-criminals
• What is scientific racism in Lombroso's work?

  Claiming biological features identify criminality
• What is the issue with the atavistic form theory?

  It may confuse cause and effect
• What do genetic explanations suggest about criminal behavior?

  Inherited genotypes increase criminal behavior likelihood
• What is the role of gene candidates in criminal behavior?

  They link specific genes to aggression and crime
• What is the diathesis-stress model in genetics?

  Genes interact with environmental factors to express behavior
• How do neurotransmitters relate to criminal behavior?

  Imbalances can lead to aggression and impulsivity
• What did Raine (2000) find about people with antisocial personality disorder?

  They had reduced prefrontal gray matter
• What is a limitation of biological explanations of crime?

  They can justify discriminatory policies
• What does Eysenck's theory suggest about criminal personality?

  It is based on inherited nervous system types
• What are the three personality dimensions in Eysenck's theory?

  Extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
• What did McGurk and Double (1981) find in their study?

  More inmates had extrovert and neurotic traits
• What is the dual taxonomy proposed by Moffitt?

  Life course persistent and adolescent-limited offenders
• What did Digman (1990) suggest about personality dimensions?

  Conscientiousness and agreeableness are important
• What do cognitive explanations focus on in criminal behavior?

  Internal mental processes and moral decisions
• What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?

  Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional