Ionic Bonding & Structure

• Why do ions form?

  To achieve full outer electron shells
• How do atoms form ions with full outer shells?

  By gaining or losing electrons
• What type of ions do metal atoms form?

  Positive ions called cations
• What ion does sodium form when it loses one electron?

  Na+
• What is the electron configuration of a sodium atom?

  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
• What is the electron configuration of a sodium ion (Na+)?

  1s2, 2s2, 2p6
• What ion does chlorine form when it gains one electron?

  Cl-
• What type of ions do non-metal atoms form?

  Negative ions called anions
• What is the electron configuration of a chlorine atom?

  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
• What is the electron configuration of a chloride ion (Cl-)?

  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
• What happens to electrons in ionic bonding?

  They are transferred to the non-metal atom
• What is the result of electron transfer in ionic bonding?

  Formation of stable ions
• Elements sharing a group on the periodic table form ions with what common characteristic?


  The same charge
• What charge do elements in group 1 of the periodic table typically form?

  1+
• Why do elements in the same group form ions with the same charge?

  They have the same number of outer shell electrons
• What charge do elements in group 2 of the periodic table typically form?

  2+
• What charge do elements in group 6 of the periodic table typically form?

  2-
• What charge do elements in group 7 of the periodic table typically form?

  1-
• How do transition elements differ from main group elements in terms of their electronic configuration?

  Transition elements have partially filled d sub-shells
• What property of transition elements allows them to form multiple ions with different charges?

  Partially filled d sub-shells
• What are the two ions that iron can form?

  Fe2+ and Fe3+
• What is the electronic configuration of Fe2+?

  [Ar] 3d6
• What is the electronic configuration of Fe3+?

  [Ar] 3d5
• During ionization, which electrons are lost first from transition elements?

  4s electrons
• What allows transition elements to form ions with varying charges?

  Similar energies of 3d and 4s sub-shells
• What are compound ions composed of?

  Atoms from two or more elements
• What is the overall charge of a compound ion caused by?

  Chemical bonds between different atoms
• What are the five important compound ions to know?

  • Nitrate ion ($NO_3^-$)
  • Carbonate ion ($CO_3^{2-}$)
  • Sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$)
  • Hydroxide ion ($OH^-$)
  • Ammonium ion ($NH_4^+$)
• How do chemical bonds between atoms contribute to the overall charge of a compound ion?

  By creating an imbalance of protons and electrons
• What type of ions participate in ionic bonding?

  Oppositely charged ions
• What is an ionic bond characterized by?

  Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
• Which types of elements typically form ionic bonds?

  A metal and a non-metal
• How strong are ionic bonds?

  Very strong
• What is formed when ions bond ionically?

  An ionic compound
• What type of structure do ionic compounds form?

  Giant lattice structures
• How are positive and negative ions arranged in a giant lattice structure?

  Packed together
• What is required to overcome the electrostatic forces in an ionic lattice?

  Significant energy
• What is each ion attracted to in a giant ionic lattice?

  Ions of the opposite charge in all directions
• How do high melting and boiling points relate to ionic structure?

  • Strong electrostatic attractions must be overcome.
  • This requires a lot of energy.
• How does the ability to conduct electricity when molten or in solution relate to ionic structure?

  • Ions can move freely when melted or dissolved.
  • Moving ions carry electric charge.