external class differences

• What external factor significantly influences a child's educational success?

  Social class background
• How do middle-class children generally perform compared to working-class children?

  They perform better on average
• What trend occurs in the class gap in achievement as children age?

  The gap grows wider
• What percentage of university places do middle-class children take?

  The great majority
• What is one popular explanation for class differences in achievement?

  Better off parents can afford private schools
• What is the average class size in private schools compared to state schools?

  Less than half
• What percentage of students entering elite universities are from private schools?

  42%
• How many pupils did Eton send to Oxbridge in three years?

  211 pupils
• What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about working-class families?

  They fail to socialise their children adequately
• By what age are disadvantaged children already behind in development?

  By age three
• What is cultural deprivation?

  Lack of cultural equipment for educational success
• What are the two main types of factors affecting educational achievement?

  • Internal factors: within schools and education system
  • External factors: outside education system, like home background
• What are the three external factors affecting educational achievement mentioned?

  Cultural deprivation, material deprivation, cultural capital
• What do cultural deprivation theorists believe about working-class children?

  They lack necessary cultural skills
• When did cultural deprivation theory first emerge?

  In the 1950s
• What criticism is often directed at cultural deprivation theory?

  It is seen as victim-blaming
• Who identified differences in speech codes between classes?

  Bas Bernstein
• What characterizes the restricted speech code?

  Limited vocabulary and simple sentences
• What characterizes the elaborated speech code?

  Wider vocabulary and complex sentences
• How do parents with higher qualifications influence their children's education?

  They encourage active learning and exploration
• What is the impact of poor nutrition on children's education?

  It leads to more absences due to illness
• What is the relationship between poverty and educational underachievement?

  Poverty is closely linked to underachievement
• What is the effect of overcrowding on children's education?

  It makes studying harder
• What do compensatory education programs aim to do?

  Provide extra resources to deprived areas
• What percentage of education spending did Educational Priority Areas account for?

  0.2%
• What do critics argue about the assumptions of compensatory education programs?

  They overlook true causes of underachievement
• What is the link between social class and educational achievement?

  Working-class families often have low incomes
• What is the impact of poor housing on children's education?

  It can affect health and well-being
• How does parental education influence children's educational success?

  Higher education leads to better support
• What are the criticisms of cultural deprivation theory?

  • Victim-blaming perspective
  • Ignores systemic inequalities
  • Assumes working-class culture is inferior
• What is the relationship between eligibility for free school meals and academic performance?

  Lower eligibility correlates with lower grades
• What is the effect of emotional or behavioral problems on education?

  They negatively affect educational performance
• How do externalizing behaviors affect schooling?

  They disrupt the child's education
• What is the impact of poor housing on children's ability to study?

  It makes studying harder
• How does overcrowding affect children's educational activities?

  It limits space for educational activities
• What is the significance of parental involvement in education?

  It supports children's educational progress
• What is the role of compensatory education programs?

  To provide extra resources to deprived areas
• What is the aim of programs like Aim Higher?

  To raise students' aspirations
• How do educational inequalities manifest in schools?

  Through interactions between pupils and teachers
• What is the impact of poor nutrition on children's school attendance?

  It leads to more absences