filtering and reabsorption nephron

• What are the main components of the nephron?

  • Renal capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting ducts
• Where does ultra filtration occur in the nephron?

  In the renal capsule
• How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

  About 1 million
• What is the function of the nephron?

  To create urine by filtering blood
• What substances are removed from the blood during filtration?

  Excess water and urea
• Why are proteins and blood cells not found in urine?

  They are too big to be filtered out
• How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?

  By active transport in the PCT
• What is the term for the filtrate created in the renal capsule?

  Glomerular filtrate
• What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

  85%
• What is the role of the loop of Henle?

  To maintain sodium ion gradient
• What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

  Sodium ions are actively transported out
• What is the permeability of the ascending limb to water?

  It is impermeable to water
• What occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

  Water moves out by osmosis
• What is the concentration of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule?

  Very dilute
• What happens to the remaining liquid in the collecting duct?

  It forms urine
• What adaptations do the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule have?

  • Microvilli for increased surface area
  • Mitochondria for energy in active transport
• How does sodium ion concentration affect glucose reabsorption?

  Low sodium allows glucose to diffuse in
• Why is the term "reabsorption" used in kidney function?

  It indicates substances are taken back into blood
• How does the length of the loop of Henle differ in desert animals compared to humans?

  Desert animals have a longer loop of Henle
• What is the significance of a longer loop of Henle for desert animals?

  More water is reabsorbed into the blood
• What are the key processes in the nephron for urine formation?

  1. Ultra filtration in the renal capsule
  2. Selective reabsorption in the PCT
  3. Sodium ion gradient maintenance in the loop of Henle
  4. Further reabsorption in the DCT and collecting ducts
• What is the next topic to be covered in the following video?

  Osmoregulation
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