Biology

• What is the focus of AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1?

  Cells, organization, infection, and bioenergetics
• What types of cells are included in the AQA GCSE Biology syllabus?

  Higher and Foundation Tier, double combined, and triple biology
• What can be seen with a normal light microscope?

  Cells and possibly the nucleus
• What does an electron microscope allow us to see?

  Finer details of organelles
• How can we calculate the actual size of a cell?

  Image size divided by magnification
• What are the two main groups of cells?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What do eukaryotic cells contain?

  A nucleus where DNA is found
• What do prokaryotic cells lack?

  A nucleus
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Keeps everything inside the cell
• What is the composition of the plant cell wall?

  Made of cellulose
• What is the cytoplasm?

  The liquid that makes up the cell
• Where does respiration take place in a cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the role of ribosomes?

  Where proteins are assembled
• What do chloroplasts contain?

  Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  Sap
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By binary fission
• What technique is used to produce a culture on agar?

  Aseptic technique
• Why do we lift the lid of the dish towards a flame?

  To move microbes away and destroy them
• What temperature do we incubate the culture at?

  25°C
• How do we calculate the area of a circle?

  Using $\pi r^2$ or $\frac{d^2}{4}\pi$
• What do eukaryotic cell nuclei contain?

  DNA stored in chromosomes
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• What are haploid cells?

  Cells with 23 single chromosomes
• What process do new cells undergo for growth and repair?

  Mitosis
• What happens during mitosis?

  Genetic material is duplicated
• What do stem cells have the potential to do?

  Specialize into different cell types
• What are diploid cells?

  Cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Where are stem cells found in humans?

  In embryos and bone marrow
• How can stem cells be used in medicine?

  To combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration
• What is osmosis?

  Diffusion of water across a membrane
• How can the rate of diffusion be increased?

  By increasing concentration difference, temperature, or surface area
• What is the practical method for osmosis using potatoes?

  Weigh, place in sugar solutions, and measure mass change
• What does the line of best fit indicate in the osmosis experiment?

  Concentration where no mass change occurs
• What is active transport?

  Movement against a concentration gradient using energy
• What is a tissue?

  Similar cells connected together
• What do tissues form?

  Organs
• What is an organ system?

  Organs working together
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Neutralizes acid and emulsifies fats
• What are enzymes?

  Biological catalysts