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• What did behaviourists promote in the 1950s regarding infants and feeding?

  Infants associate mothers with pleasure from food
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in the classical conditioning of infants?

  Food
• What does the mother become in the classical conditioning process?

  A conditioned stimulus producing pleasure
• What did Harry Harlow's study with infant monkeys demonstrate?

  Contact comfort, not food, creates emotional bonds
• What year did Harry Harlow conduct his study on infant monkeys?

  1959
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find in their study of human behaviour?

  Primary attachments are not formed by feeding
• What year did Schaffer and Emerson conduct their study?

  1964
• What characteristics did strongly attached infants' carers have?

  They responded quickly and sensitively to signals
• What societal context influenced Freud's views on the importance of the mother?

  Women did not have the right to vote
• What did Freud claim about the need for a father's protection?

  It is a strong need in childhood
• In what year did Freud recognize the importance of the father's role?

  1930
• What did Freud recognize about the father's role in a boy's development?

  It is of special importance
• What did Bowlby mean by 'maternal' in his deprivation hypothesis?

  It includes any permanent mother substitute
• What did Bowlby suggest about children who coped better with early separation?

  They may have been better attached initially
• What year did Bowlby publish his maternal deprivation hypothesis?

  1953
• What did Bowlby et al. find about children with tuberculosis in their study?

  Most showed few problems later in life
• What is a potential criticism of Bowlby's claim about maternal relationships?

  Some children show no ill effects from separation
• How did societal norms influence Freud's views on parenting roles?

  They reflected early 20th-century norms and values
• What does Bowlby's research suggest about the resilience of children in hospital care?

  Resilience may depend on initial attachment quality