B11- hormonal coordination

• what is the endocrine system

  A group of glands that secrete hormones
• What is a target organ 


  Where hormones have their effect
• What is a thyroid gland

  Produces thyroxine and helps regulate metabolic rate
• What is the pancreas

  Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
• What are the testes

  Produce testosterone which caused Puberty and stimulated sperm production
• What os the pituitary gland

  Found in the brain its the master gland

  
  

  secretes hormones (FSH,LH,ADH) which are pumped through the blood and respond to changes all over the body
• What is the adrenal gland

  found on top of the kidneys it secretes adrenaline
• What are The ovaries

  produce aestrogen which causes puberty and controls menstrual cycle
• Difference between endorcine system and nervous systeM

  E= slow acting N= fast acting

  E= act on target cell N= act on effectors

  E= transmited by chemicals N= eletrical impulses
• What is negative feedback

  A control mechanism that reacts to a change in a condition by trying to bring the condition to a normal level
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen = CO2 + water + energy
• How is glucose used in respiration

  To release energy
• What happens if Blood glucose levels are too high

  The pancreas detects increased levels

  insulin is released

  Glucose is taken in by cells and travels through blood

  Glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver

  Blood glucose levels fall And return to Normal
• What happens if blood glucose levels are too low

  Pancreas releases glucagon

  travels through the blood to the liver

  Glycogen is broken down by glucose

  Amino acids are broken down

  Blood glucose rises and returns to normal
• difference between glucose, glycogen and glucagon

  Glucose- sugar used in respiration

  Glycogen- storage carb found in liver and muscles

  Glucagon- hormone that stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose
• Type one diabetes

  Main cause - pancreas’s stops producing insulin

  Impacts- blood glucose levels are very high, glucose released into urine (lots of urine and constantly thirsty), extreme fatigue

  Typical age - childhood

  treatment options - inject insulin, low sugar diet, manage exersise
• type 2 diabetes

  Main cause- cells become resistant to insulin, cells wont take in glucose from blood, unhealthy diet

  Typical age- older people

  Treatment options- low sugar diet and regular exercise
• What is metabolism rate

  How quickly substances are broken down and built up in body by enzymes
• Negative feedback when thyroxine levels are too low

  1. thyroid (receptor) detects low levels
  2. TRH is secreted from hypothalamus
  3. this hormone stimulates secretion of TSH from pituitary gland
  4. rise in TSH stimulated secretion of thyroxine
• Hyperthyroid and under acitve thyroid

  Hyperthyroid- too much thyroxine, metabolism too quick, digestion rate quick

  
  

  underactive thyroid- not enough thyroxine, slow metabolis, slow digestion rate, high BMI
• Effects of adrenaline

  Heart and breathing rate increase

  Storfed glycogen in liver converted to glucose for respiration

  Pupils dilate

  Mental awareness increases

  Blood diverted from digestive system to muscles
• What is the function of the fallopian tube?

  It transports the egg to the uterus
• Where do eggs mature?

  In the ovary
• What is the cervix?

  It is the entrance to the uterus
• Where does the fetus develop?

  In the uterus (womb)
• What is the role of the vagina during sexual intercourse?

  It receives sperm
• What is the function of seminal vesicles?

  Produce seminal fluid for sperm transport
• What is the role of the prostate gland?

  Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
• What do the testes produce?

  Sperm
• What is the function of the sperm duct?

  It carries sperm to the urethra
• How does the penis function in reproduction?

  It places sperm into the vagina
• Why is the scrotum important for sperm production?

  It keeps the testes outside the body
• What is the purpose of keeping the testes outside the body?

  For maximum sperm production
• What are the stages of the menstrual cycle

  Days 0-5 = menstrual flow old egg leaves body

  Day 5-12= uterus lining builds up

  Day 12-16= ovulation egg released

  Day 16-20= lining built up and maintained

  Day 20-28= new egg in womb
• What hormone is released when progesterone levels are low?

  FSH
• What does FSH stimulate in the menstrual cycle?

  Growth and maturation of an egg/follicle
• What does FSH stimulate the release of from the follicle?

  Oestrogen
• What effect does high oestrogen have on FSH and LH?

  Stimulates LH release and inhibits FSH
• What is the process called when the egg cell is released?

  Ovulation
• What does high LH stimulate in the menstrual cycle?

  Release of the egg cell