P3

• What is the particle model of matter used to explain?

  It explains the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases
• How are particles arranged in solids?

  Particles are close together in a fixed arrangement
• What is the energy state of particles in solids?

  Particles have low energy and vibrate in place
• How do particles behave in liquids?

  Particles can move past each other in irregular arrangements
• What is the energy state of particles in liquids compared to solids?

  Liquids have more energy than solids
• How do particles behave in gases?

  Particles move freely and randomly in all directions
• What is the energy state of particles in gases compared to liquids and solids?

  Gases have more energy than liquids and solids
• What happens when gas particles collide with surfaces?

  They exert a force on the surfaces they collide with
• How is pressure defined in gases?

  Pressure is force exerted per unit area
• What happens to gas pressure in a sealed container?

  It is the total force exerted by gas particles
• What effect does increasing the temperature of a gas have?

  It increases the kinetic energy of the particles
• How does temperature relate to the average energy of gas particles?

  Higher temperature means higher average energy
• What happens to gas pressure when temperature increases at constant volume?

  Pressure increases as temperature increases
• Why do gas particles collide more often when temperature increases?

  Particles travel faster and hit walls more frequently
• What happens to the momentum of gas particles when temperature increases?

  Particles have larger momentum when they collide
• What is density a measure of?

  Density measures the compactness of a substance
• What is the formula for density?

  Density = mass / volume
• How do you calculate the density of a gold bar with mass 6.1 kg and volume 6.1 x 10^-3 m³?

  Density = 10,000 kg/m³
• What are the steps to measure the density of a solid object?

  1. Measure mass using a balance
  2. Measure dimensions (length, width, height)
  3. Calculate volume using appropriate formula
  4. Use density formula to find density
• What are the steps to measure the density of a liquid?

  1. Measure mass of the empty measuring cylinder
  2. Pour liquid into the cylinder and measure mass
  3. Record the volume of the liquid
  4. Use density formula to find density
• What is internal energy in a system?

  It is the total energy stored by particles
• What happens to internal energy when a substance is heated?

  Particles gain energy in kinetic and potential stores
• What is the relationship between energy supplied and temperature change?

  Temperature change depends on energy supplied and mass
• What happens to internal energy during a change of state?

  Internal energy changes but mass is conserved
• What is latent heat?

  Energy needed to change state without temperature change
• What is specific latent heat (SLH)?

  Energy needed to change 1 kg of substance's state
• How do you calculate energy needed for a change of state?

  Energy = mass × specific latent heat
• How much energy is needed to melt 250 g of a substance with SLH of 120,000 J/kg?

  30,000 J
• How much energy is needed to boil 1.50 kg of water with SLH of 2,260,000 J/kg?

  3,390,000 J