Potable water

• What is potable water?

  Water that is safe to drink
• How can we obtain potable water?

  By treating fresh water or desalinating seawater
• What does pure water contain in chemistry?

  Only $H_2O$ molecules
• Why is potable water not considered pure in chemistry?

  It often contains other dissolved substances
• What are the three criteria for water to be considered potable?

  Low dissolved substances, pH 6.5-8.5, no microorganisms
• What is the acceptable pH range for potable water?

  Between 6.5 and 8.5
• What microorganisms must be absent in potable water?

  Bacteria and fungi
• What determines the source of potable water in different regions?

  Geographical location and climate
• What is fresh water?

  Water with low dissolved substances
• How does the UK obtain fresh water?

  Through rainfall that collects as surface or groundwater
• What are surface water sources?

  Lakes, rivers, and reservoirs
• What are groundwater sources?

  Water found under the ground, like aquifers
• What is the benefit of using surface water?

  It is easy to access and replenished by rain
• What is a disadvantage of surface water?

  It can dry up in hot weather
• What must be done to fresh water before it is safe to drink?

  It must be treated to ensure safety
• What are the general steps to treat fresh water for drinking?

  1. Filter through wire mesh
  2. Pass through sand and gravel
  3. Sterilize to kill harmful microbes
• What are the three methods to sterilize water?

  Bubbling chlorine, ozone, or UV light
• Why do some countries rely on desalination for potable water?

  They have limited fresh water supplies
• What is desalination?

  A technique to extract potable water from seawater
• What are the two main techniques for desalination?

  Distillation and reverse osmosis
• What is the main drawback of desalination techniques?

  They require a lot of energy and are expensive
• How does distillation work in desalination?

  Boiling salty water and condensing vapor
• What happens during reverse osmosis?

  Salty water passes through a selective membrane
• What is the result of both distillation and reverse osmosis?

  Pure distilled water
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