Phonology Year 1

• What are the forms of communication mentioned?

  • Gesture
  • Facial expression
  • Non-verbal vocal communication
  • Writing
  • Speech
• What is the speech chain process described?

  • Auditory feedback
  • Lombard Effect: speak louder in noise
  • Delayed feedback can have devastating effects
• What factors influence speech and variety?

  • Accent and dialect
  • Age differences
  • Economic differences
  • Gender and sex differences
  • Stylistic differences
  • Emotional states
• What is necessary to make speech sounds?

  Air movement
• How are most speech sounds produced?

  With air expelled from the lungs
• What is the term for air expelled from the lungs?

  Pulmonic
• What are some sounds that are not pulmonic?

  Non-pulmonic sounds
• What is the first structure air passes through after the lungs?

  Larynx
• How is normal voicing produced in the larynx?

  By the vibration of the vocal folds
• What happens to air after it passes through the larynx?

  It passes through the vocal tract
• What are the main components of the speech production process?

  • Air movement is essential
  • Most sounds are pulmonic
  • Air passes through the larynx
  • Normal voicing involves vocal fold vibration
  • Abnormal voice can be oesophageal
  • Air continues through the vocal tract
• What does the IPA chart represent?

  • International Phonetic Alphabet
  • Visual representation of phonemes
  • Helps in phonetic transcription
• What are the voiced English consonants?


  /b d g v ð z ʒ m n ŋ r j w l/
• What are the voiceless English consonants?


  /p t k f θ s ʃ h/
• What are the places of articulation for consonants?

  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Dental
  • Alveolar
  • Post-alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Uvular
  • Glottal
• Which English sounds are bilabial?


  /p b m/ and /w/
• Which English sounds are labiodental?


  /f v/
• Which English sounds are dental?


  /θ ð/
• Which English sounds are alveolar?


  /t d n s z l/
• Which English sounds are post-alveolar?


  /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ r/
• Which English sound is palatal?


  /j/
• Which English sounds are velar?


  /k g ŋ/ and /w/
• Which articulation does the uvular place correspond to?

  No English sounds but exist in other languages
• Which English sound is glottal?


  /h/ and [ʔ]
• What are the manners of articulation for consonants?

  • Plosive
  • Nasal
  • Fricative
  • Affricate
  • Tap/flap
  • Trill
  • Approximants
• Which English sounds are plosive?


  /p b t d k g/
• Which English sounds are nasal?


  /m n ŋ/
• Which English sounds are fricative?


  /f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/
• Which English sounds are affricate?


  /tʃ dʒ/
• Which sounds are approximants in English?


  /w j l ɹ/
• How is the sound /p/ classified?

  Voiceless bilabial plosive
• How is the sound /b/ classified?

  Voiced bilabial plosive
• How is the sound /m/ classified?

  Voiced bilabial nasal
• How is the sound /n/ classified?

  Voiced alveolar nasal
• How is the sound /s/ classified?

  Voiceless alveolar fricative
• What is the study of segmental aspects of speech focused on?

  Vowels and consonants
• What does the study of suprasegmental aspects of speech include?

  Tones, intonation, stress, rhythm
• What is another term for stress in linguistics?

  Accent
• How does stress function as a property of words in English?

  It distinguishes between different meanings
• Why does stress work differently in English?

  It varies based on word structure and meaning