blood/respiratory

• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
• How do goblet cells and cilia function in the respiratory system?

  They remove foreign particles from inspired air
• What is the average respiratory rate for a normal adult?

  12 breaths per minute
• What are the two phases of breathing?

  Inspiration and expiration
• What structures does air pass through during inhalation?

  Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea
• Where does gaseous exchange occur in the respiratory system?

  In the alveoli
• What is the purpose of the respiratory tract?

  To exchange O$_2$ and CO$_2$ between the environment and the body
• What are the two regions of the respiratory tract?

  • Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, lungs
• What are the two subdivisions of the respiratory system?

  • Conducting zone: brings air to gas exchange sites
  • Respiratory zone: lined with alveoli for gas exchange
• What are the two pleural membranes surrounding each lung?

  Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
• What are the functions of pleural fluid?

  Lubricates movement and holds membranes together
• Why does gas exchange occur quickly in alveoli?

  Distance between blood and gas is $0.1 \mu m$
• How is greater surface area for gas exchange achieved in the lungs?

  By branching of the bronchial tubes
• What are the two phases of breathing (pulmonary ventilation)?

  1. Inspiration/Inhalation: Draws gas into lungs
  2. Exhalation/Expiration: Forces gas out of lungs
• What type of control governs breathing?

  Both involuntary and voluntary control
• What is cortical control in breathing?

  Voluntary control from the cerebral cortex
• According to Boyle's law, what happens when volume increases?

  Pressure must decrease
• What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during inspiration?

  P$_{alv} < P_{atm}$
• What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during expiration?

  P$_{alv} > P_{atm}$
• What is the role of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in respiration?

  Controls inspiration
• What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) control?

  Exhalation
• What are the different ventilation volumes in breathing?

  • Tidal volume (V$T$)
  • Functional residual capacity (FRC)
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Vital capacity
  • Residual volume
• What is tidal volume (V$T$)?


  Volume of air moved in a single cycle
• What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

  Air remaining after a normal respiratory cycle
• What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

  Air that can be expelled after exhalation
• What is inspiratory capacity?

  Air that can be inhaled after exhalation
• What is vital capacity?

  Sum of ERV and inspiratory capacity
• What is residual volume?

  Air remaining after maximal exhalation
• What device is used to measure some ventilation volumes?

  Spirometer
• What is the typical respiratory rate at rest?

  12-18 breaths/min
• How is respiratory minute volume (V$E$) calculated?


  By multiplying respiratory rate by tidal volume
• What is alveolar ventilation (V$A$)?


  Air reaching the alveoli each minute
• What is anatomic dead space (V$D$)?


  Air remaining in conducting passageways
• How is alveolar ventilation (V$A$) calculated?


  V$A$ = f * (V$T$ - V$D$)
• Given a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, tidal volume of 500 ml, and dead space of 150 ml, what is the alveolar ventilation?

  4200 ml/min
• What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

  • Blood: fluid
  • Heart: pump
  • Vessels: tubes
• What are the classifications of blood vessels?

  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
• What are the three histologic layers of blood vessels?

  Tunica intima, media, adventitia
• What happens to arteries during ventricular ejection?

  They stretch and recoil during diastole
• What is the function of arteries?

  Carry blood away from the heart