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6 - Shapes of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces
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Cards (49)
What does electron pair repulsion theory explain?
Shapes
of
molecules
and
polyatomic
ions
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Why do electron pairs repel one another?
They have a
negative charge
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What determines the shape of a molecule or ion?
Electron pairs
surrounding a
central atom
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How are electron pairs arranged in a molecule?
As
far
apart
as possible
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What is the result of minimizing electron pair repulsion?
Holds
bonded
atoms
in a
definite shape
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What shape does methane (CH4) have?
Tetrahedral
shape
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How many C-H covalent bonds does methane have?
Four
C-H covalent bonds
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What is the bond angle in methane?
109.5 degrees
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How are 3D shapes represented in molecular diagrams?
Using
wedges
and
solid
lines
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What is a lone pair of electrons?
Electrons
that are not
involved
in
bonding
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How does a lone pair affect molecular shape?
It
repels
more
strongly
than
bonding pairs
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What shape do CH4, NH3, and H2O have?
Tetrahedral
shape
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How does the presence of lone pairs affect bonding angles?
Decreases
the
bonding
angle
by
2.5
degrees
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How are multiple bonds treated in electron pair repulsion theory?
As a
single bonding region
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What shape does CO2 have?
Linear shape
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What happens to bond angles with more electron pairs?
Bond angles
decrease
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What shape do three bonding pairs (e.g., BF3) have?
Trigonal planar
shape
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What is the bond angle in an octahedral shape?
90 degrees
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What shape do six electron pairs give?
Octahedral
shape
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How many bonded pairs does ammonia have?
Four
bonded pairs
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What shape do carbonate and nitrate ions have?
Trigonal planar
shape
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What is electronegativity?
Attraction
of an
atom
for shared
electrons
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What does the Pauling scale measure?
Electronegativity
values of elements
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Which element is the most electronegative?
Fluorine
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What indicates an ionic bond based on electronegativity difference?
Difference
greater
than
1.8
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What characterizes non-polar bonds?
Electrons
shared
equally
between
atoms
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What is a dipole in a polar covalent bond?
Separation of
opposite charges
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How do polar molecules behave with dipoles?
Dipoles may
reinforce
or
cancel
each other
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Why is water considered a polar molecule?
It has two
O-H bonds
with
dipoles
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How does carbon dioxide behave as a molecule?
It is
nonpolar
due to opposing
dipoles
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How does water dissolve sodium chloride?
Water
molecules
attract
Na+
and
Cl-
ions
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What are intermolecular forces?
Weak
interactions
between
different
molecules
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What are the types of intermolecular forces?
Induced dipole-dipole
,
permanent dipole-dipole
,
hydrogen bonding
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What is the strength range of London forces?
1-10
kJ/mol
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What is the strength range of hydrogen bonds?
10-40
kJ/mol
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What happens to induced dipoles in London forces?
They are
temporary
and
constantly
changing
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How does the number of electrons affect London forces?
More
electrons
increase
induced dipole
strength
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What are simple molecular substances?
Small
units
with a definite number of
atoms
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What state do simple molecular substances exist in?
Solids
,
liquids
, or
gases
at room temperature
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Why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?
Weak
intermolecular forces
require
little
energy
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See all 49 cards
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