kant

• What type of theory is Kantian Ethics?

  Deontologist theory
• What does it mean for Kantian ethics to be based on duty?

  Actions judged by adherence to moral rules
• What does deontology deny?

  Consequentialism
• According to deontology, how is an action's goodness determined?

  Whether it obeys a moral rule
• According to Kant, what are moral acts based on?

  The categorical imperative
• What does it mean to have a good will, according to Kant?

  Act based on moral principles
• According to Kant, what motivates the decisions of a person with a good will?

  Desire to do what is right
• According to Kant, what is the only thing we value without any limit or qualification?

  The good will
• According to Kant, why aren't things like happiness and wealth considered good without qualification?

  They require a good will
• According to Kant, what kind of value does the good will possess?

  Intrinsic value
• What is the difference between acting in accordance with duty and acting out of duty?

  Motivation for performing the action
• According to Kant, when is an action truly moral?

  When it is done out of duty
• According to Kant, is acting in accordance with duty immoral?

  No, it is not immoral
• According to Kant, why don't we usually deserve moral praise for preserving our own lives?

  We have a natural desire to live
• According to Kant, who deserves moral praise for preserving their own life?

  Someone who wants to die, but perseveres
• According to Kant, why does helping others out of sympathy not qualify as acting out of duty?

  Because it is based on inclination
• According to Kant, who deserves moral praise for helping others?

  Someone lacking sympathy who helps anyway
• What are the two types of commands or laws that Kant distinguishes?

  Categorical and hypothetical imperatives
• What does a hypothetical imperative appeal to?

  Your desires or interests
• Why don't hypothetical imperatives apply universally?

  They depend on desires
• Why did Kant argue that moral laws cannot be hypothetical imperatives?

  Because morals apply to everyone
• What are categorical imperatives based on?

  Universal faculty of reason
• What kind of imperative are we obeying when we act in accordance with duty because it benefits us?

  Hypothetical imperative
• What kind of imperative are we obeying when we act out of duty in recognition of a moral law?

  Categorical imperative
• What is the basis of the Categorical Imperative 1: Formula of Universality?

  Moral imperatives are universal
• What is Kant's formulation of the Categorical Imperative, Formula of Universality?

  Will that it should become universal law
• According to Kant, what is the test for determining which imperatives are moral?

  If it could be followed by everyone
• According to Kant, what is impossible about rules like "kill all humans" being followed by everyone?

  They couldn't apply universally
• Why is the rule "you should steal" impossible to universalize?

  Stealing requires ownership
• What does owning something mean?

  Having rights over its use
• According to Kant, why is making a false promise not a categorical imperative?

  It relies on the existence of trust
• According to Kant, what does the impossibility of universalizing "make a false promise" reveal?

  It's a hypothetical imperative
• What does Kant call cases when it is simply impossible for a maxim to be obeyed by everyone?

  Contradiction in conception
• What type of duties do contradictions in conception result in?

  Perfect duties
• What are perfect duties?

  Duties that can never be violated
• What does Kant call cases where we can conceive of a maxim being followed by everyone but cannot will it?

  Contradictions in will
• According to Kant, why can't we will a society where nobody helps others?

  We will need help eventually
• What are imperfect duties?

  Duties that do not always have to be obeyed
• What type of duty is the duty to help others?

  Imperfect duty
• According to Kant, what is the second formulation of the categorical imperative called?

  Formula of humanity