elizabeth

• what is parliament?

  • made up of House of Lords and House of Commons
  • responsible of passing laws and granting taxes
  • the queen decided when to call parliament and what they were allowed to discuss
• what is the privy Council?

  • Responsible for day-to-day running of the country
  • made up of 20 of elizabeths main advisors
  • could be called to deal with any issue
  • managed relations between Elizabeth and Parliament
  • led by Secretary of State
• what are Lord lieutenant?

  • Responsible for running different areas of the country collecting their taxes
  • responsible for providing soldiers
• what are justices of the peace?

  • appointed to each county to keep law and order
  • selected from the local gentry
  • one jp could send someone to prison but more than one would be needed to send someone to death
  • swore to deal with everyone equally
• what is the Royal Court?

  • 1000 people which surrounded the queen made up of officials, ladies in waitings, and advisors
  • courtiers competed for Elizabeth’s attention
  • travelled around the country on progresses and stayed at the house of a nobleman
  • set trends and fashions
• what was patronage?

  • Giving out titles and power in return for loyalty
  • Elizabeth use this to make people dependent on her for her wealth meaning they are less likely to rebel against her
• who was William Cecil?

  • Secretary of State twice a member of parliament
  • Encouraged Elizabeth to take control of catholic ireland
  • key role in developing the poor laws
• who was Francis Walsingham?

  • Secretary of State and the Queen’s spy master
  • Established England as a powerful force at sea against catholic European countries
  • Played a role in the execution of Mary Queen of Scots
• Who was Robert Dudley?

  • Master of the horse and a childhood friend of Elizabeth
  • Ashamed to marry Elizabeth after his wife died, but she died in suspicious circumstances so they could not marry due to the scandal
• Who were Elizabeth’s suitors?

  • Robert Dudley
  • King Philip 2 of Spain
  • Francis Duke of Anjou and alencon
• why was Philip suited to marry Elizabeth?

  • One of the richest men in the world
  • But was catholic and Elizabeth was protestant
• why was Francis a suitor to Elizabeth?

  • Would create a French alliance
  • But if she died while married to him England would fall into French rule and by the time he was a suitor, she was too old to have children so it would be pointless as the whole point was to create an heir
• Who is Peter Wentworth?

  • One of the politicians who discussed Elizabeth matches
  • Elizabeth was mad and banned from discussing this again
  • He continued and ignored the order and was eventually arrested
• why did Elizabeth not want to get married?

  • Wanted to rule country by herself
  • Worried if she married a foreigner he would use power of England for the Good of his own country
  • Worried if she married an English man, it would cause jealousy
  • Bad childhood experiences of marriage
• what was the Essex rebellion?

  • 1598 Essex argued with the Queen and as he turned his back on her she hit him on the head. He threatened to draw his sword leading her to put him in house arrest
  • 1599 she ordered Essex to crush a rebellion in Ireland but he made a truce with Irish rebels, abandoning his post and returning to England.
  • Elizabeth put him on the house arrest again, banished him from court and took away his monopoly on sweet wines.
• what were outcomes of the 1559 religious settlement?

  • Elizabeth had to pressure House of Lords to agree
  • Every Bishop resign their post in protest
  • Only 4% of local priests resigned
  • Catholics would be tolerated as long as they were loyal
  • Recusency fines for Catholics who refused to attend protestant services were low
  • Protestants thought it would be a good start to reform
• why was Mary Queen of Scots a problem for Elizabeth?

  • Mary was catholic
  • Extreme Catholics could see mary as someone they could promote to the English throne if Elizabeth died
  • Mary would stop any threat of a foreign catholic invasion
  • Mary already had children that would be heir
• what was the northern rebellion in 1569?

  • Elizabeth refused Duke of Norfolk to marry Mary
  • Norfolk left Royal court
  • headed north with a group of northern Lords led by Earl of Westmoreland and Earl of Northumberland
  • controlled Durham Cathedral and held illegal mass
  • Marched south with 4000 men
  • Sussex raise an army which broke rebellion up
  • Northumberland was executed in Scotland
  • westmoreland led to France, died in poverty
• what was the papal bull in 1570?

  • Pope excommunicated Elizabeth from Catholic Church by issuing a papal bull
  • English Catholics no longer had to obey her
  • Encouraged people to overthrow Elizabeth
  • Many ignored others saw it as a duty to rise up against her leading to more rebellions
• what was the ridolfi plot in 1571?

  • Norfolk spent 10 months in Tower of London after northern rebellion released under house arrest
  • involved in another plot led by Italian catholic banker ridolfi, felt foreign support was needed, and as a banker he could travel freely
  • Netherlands to invade same time as another northern rebellion
  • Elizabeth would be murdered and replaced with Mary who would marry Norfolk
  • walsingham found coded letters in a bag of coins travelling north, key for code found under a doormat in Norfolk‘s house
  • Norfolk executed in 1572.
• how did Elizabeth’s treatment towards Catholics worsen?

  • 1571 treasons act said that anyone who claimed Elizabeth wasn’t the legitimate ruler faced death penalty
  • 1584 Protestant Dutch leader William of Orange assassinated
  • 1581 attending a catholic mass treason and recusancy for not attending CofE services increased significantly
  • 1585 having a catholic priest in your home was treason, jesuits driven out of Britain, priest executed
  • 1593 Catholics could not travel more than 5 miles from home
• what was the babington plot 1586?

  • Babington and five men plan to kill Elizabeth
  • He sent coded letters in beer barrels taken to her room by servants
  • Mary replied saying she supported plot
  • Marys servants were walsinghams spies who took the letters to Elizabeth
  • coded letters proved Mary supported plot kill Elizabeth
  • Elizabeth had no choice Mary on trial
• what was Mary’s trial like in October 1586?

  • her court consisted of 36 nobleman, including Walsingham and Cecil.
  • mary she didnt see evidence against her and as foreign queen she could not be guilty of treason
  • sentenced to death
  • Elizabeth reluctant to execute her
  • 1st February, she signed death warrant
  • a week later. Mary executed at fotheringhay Castle witnessed by 2 Earls
  • Elizabeth angry and imprisoned privy counsellor who delivered death warrant.
• what were the consequences of Mary’s death?

  • Catholics had no obvious alternative to replace Elizabeth
  • Mary had become a martyr
  • By executing a queen, this put ideas and enemies heads
  • French King expressed outrage
  • Elizabeth apologised to James
  • Increased tension between England and Spain
• what were puritan beliefs?

  • Priest should be well educated and preach God’s message
  • Ordinary people should be educated so they can read the Bible
  • Obey 10 Commandments
  • Wore plain clothing
  • Some radical puritans wanted to get rid of bishops
• what were prophesyings?

  • Meetings about how to train priests
  • Criticise church of England
  • Archbishop of Canterbury grindal was ordered to stop but refused
  • Elizabeth suspended him
• what were the new churches created by Puritans?

  • Some set up new separatist church
  • browne in Norwich who was arrested and released
  • Greenwood in London, who was arrested and hanged
• what were the Puritan MPs?

  • Some tried to introduce laws to change church but failed to gain enough support
  • Dudley and Walsingham were puritans
  • Walsingham knew there wasn’t much support, tried limit how much Elizabeth cracked down them
  • Puritan threat not as serious as catholic threat, Elizabeth still saw them as threat to religious settlement
• how did Elizabeth deal with Puritans?

  • After Dudley and Walsingham died, Elizabeth became more harsh
  • archBishop of Canterbury Whitgift introduced rules such as recusancy fines, dismissing 200 priests, and censorship laws
• what was the role of theatre in Elizabethen England?

  • 1572 all actors had to be licensed
  • 1576 the first theatre opened called the theatre
  • 1599 the globe opened
  • Rich sat in teared galleries, where has poor stood in pit
  • Performances began at 3 pm continuing into evenings
  • Being a patron of a theatre showed youre cultured
  • All roles were performed by boys
  • Elizabeth never went to a theatre but enjoyed having actors perform at the Royal Court
• why did London authorities oppose theatre?

  • London theatres were outside city walls known for drinking, bearbaiting, and prostitution
  • Concerned about encouraged crime and spread of plague
  • Believed plays took apprentices away from work
  • wrote to privy Council asking theatres to be closed
• why did Puritans oppose theatres?

  • Puritanism strong in London
  • Theatre was seen as an immoral distraction from prayer
  • Associated theatre with paganism
  • Reminded them of catholic miracle plays
  • Thought theatres encouraged sinful behaviour
• Who were the deserving poor?

  • People who wanted to help themselves, but couldn’t as they were either too old or disabled to work
  • wealthy people believed they should be helped and provided charity
• Who were the undeserving poor?

  • untrustworthy vagabonds who had no interest in work and should be punished
  • 1567 Warning against vagabonds book published influencing attitudes of money against poor
  • Seen as a threat to social order and blamed for spreading plagues
• how government change their laws towards the poor?

  • 1495 beggars put in stocks sent back home
  • 1515 York beggar licenses given out as a badge
  • 1st time = beggars without licenses whipped, 2nd time = hole burned an ear, 3rd time = hanged
  • York appointed a master beggar
  • 1569 Ipswich opened hospitals to look after sick and set up youth training schemes
  • 1601 poor law
• how effective were poor laws?

  • norwich, ipswich, and york made successful effort to help deserving poor and punished idle poor
  • 1601 helped deserving and punished idle nationally
  • begging decreased
  • 1601 poor law lasted until 19th century
• how ineffective were poor laws?

  • 1601 used inconsistently and many areas did not follow
  • decrease in begging could have been more due to threat of house of correction rather than help
  • arguments over where beggars belonged as they didnt want to pay for them which caused some to be constantly sent to place to place
• who were the most famous explorers?

  • francis drake
  • john hawkins
  • sir walter raleigh
• why did Francis Drake circumnavigate the world?

  • he didn’t mean to
  • 1560s Drake and Hawkins captured slaves to sell in America
  • On one of the trips they were attacked by Spain destroying ships
  • Drake set off towards South America seeking revenge against Spanish, hoping to raid colonies
• how did Drake circumnavigate the world?

  • explored South American coastline raiding Spanish ports
  • Spain had sent ships to intercept Drake’s original route, so he had to take an alternative route
  • He sailed across the Pacific to Indonesia crossing the Indian Ocean