Surgery

• Who was John Hunter?

  A well-known surgeon and scientist
• How did John Hunter influence scientific research?

  He improved the way people conducted scientific search
• What was the focus of hospitals in the early 19th century?

  • Treatment of patients
  • Learning and education in medicine
• What were some charity hospitals that opened in the early 19th century?

  The London Hospital and Gay's Hospital
• Who funded the charity hospitals in the early 19th century?

  They were funded by the rich
• Why were only certain patients admitted to hospitals in the early 19th century?

  Only those likely to recover quickly were admitted
• What type of patients had a better chance of being admitted to hospitals?

  Those with hardworking, respectable lives
• Who provided surgical services without charge?

  Dentists and midwives
• Where were most poor people treated during this period?

  In workhouses
• Name one hospital that treated poor people.

  Charing Cross Hospital
• When did rural hospitals, run by LGs, begin to open?

  From the 1860s
• What services did rural hospitals provide?

  Care for people in rural areas
• What were the characteristics of hospitals in the early 19th century?

  • Focused on treatment and learning
  • Funded by wealthy individuals
  • Admitted patients likely to recover quickly
  • Provided services without charge for some
  • Treated poor people in workhouses
• What became more important for surgeons over time?

  Developing their approach to surgery
• How did hospitals change from the 18th century?

  They focused more on treating patients
• What was the status of surgeons in the Middle Ages?

  They weren't respected compared to doctors
• What significant institution was created in 1800 for surgeons?

  The London College of Surgeons
• Who was John Hunter?

  A well-known surgeon and scientist
• What did John Hunter develop over 12 years?

  An unrivalled knowledge of the human body
• What major medical discovery did Hunter make?

  Learned about venereal disease
• How did Hunter treat an aneurysm?

  By tying off the blood vessel
• What approach did Hunter encourage in surgery?

  Good scientific habits and experimentation
• Who were some of Hunter's pupils?

  Doctors like Edward Jenner
• What was the focus of hospitals in the early 18th century?

  • Treating patients rather than just caring
  • Charity hospitals opened, offering free treatment
  • Specialized hospitals for certain illnesses
• Why were only certain patients admitted to hospitals?

  Due to lack of space and illness risk
• What services did dispensaries provide?

  Free non-residential care to poor people
• Where were most poor people treated?

  In workhouses with poor conditions
• What movement began in the 1850s regarding workhouses?

  A movement to improve conditions in infirmaries
• What was the role of hospitals founded alongside universities in the 19th century?

  • Training schools for doctors
  • Conducting scientific research
  • Improving medical education
• When did cottage hospitals begin to open?

  From the 1860s
• What did Florence Nightingale improve in hospitals?

  Hospital hygiene and nursing standards
• What was Nightingale's contribution during the Crimean War?

  Improved conditions in army hospitals
• What was the death rate in the hospital before Nightingale's arrival?

  42%
• What did Nightingale emphasize in her book 'Notes on Nursing'?

  The need for hygiene and professionalism
• How much money did the public raise for Nightingale's training program?

  £44,000
• What was established in 1919 regarding nursing?

  The Nurses Registration Act made training compulsory
• What changes occurred in hospitals during the 1800s?

  • Massive increase in hospital building
  • Hospitals became cleaner and more specialized
  • Catering for both rich and poor patients
• What was the problem with early anaesthetics?

  They could make patients very ill
• Who identified nitrous oxide as a possible anaesthetic?

  Humphry Davy
• What did Crawford Long discover in 1842?

  The anaesthetic qualities of ether