Drug development and testing

• What are the two main uses of drugs mentioned in the video?

  Relieve symptoms and help cure diseases
• Why have microorganisms and plants been valuable in drug development?

  They produce substances that kill pathogens
• What is aspirin commonly used for?

  To lower fevers and relieve pain
• What is digitalis used to treat?

  Heart problems like heart failure
• Who discovered penicillin and how?

  Alexander Fleming noticed fungus killing bacteria
• What are the three main factors to consider when testing drugs?

  Efficacy, toxicity, and dosage
• What does efficacy refer to in drug testing?

  How well the drug produces the desired effect
• What does toxicity refer to in drug testing?

  How harmful the drug is to cells
• What does dosage refer to in drug testing?

  Amount or concentration of the drug given
• What are the three main stages of drug testing?

  1. Testing on human cells and tissues
  2. Testing on live animals
  3. Clinical testing on humans
• What is the benefit of testing drugs on human cells and tissues?

  It allows easy and cheap testing of substances
• Why is testing on live animals important?

  It provides insight into efficacy and toxicity
• What types of mammals must drugs be tested on in the UK?

  Two different types like mice and rabbits
• What is the purpose of clinical testing?

  To test the drug on humans for safety
• What is the first step in clinical testing?

  Giving the drug to healthy volunteers
• What is the aim of increasing the dosage during clinical testing?

  To find the maximum dosage before side effects
• What is the goal of finding the optimum dosage?

  Maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity
• What is the purpose of using a placebo in clinical trials?

  • To compare effects with the real drug
  • To avoid bias in reporting side effects
  • To ensure validity of results
• What does it mean for a clinical trial to be blind?

  Participants do not know which drug they receive
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Neither doctors nor participants know the drug
• Why is peer review important in drug testing?

  It checks fairness and prevents false claims
• What happens after drug testing is complete?

  Results are written up and peer-reviewed
• What is the main purpose of the video?

  To explain drug development and testing processes
• What feedback does the video creator seek from viewers?

  Whether longer videos are effective
• Why are microorganisms and plants significant in drug discovery?

  They provide natural substances for drug development
• What historical impact did penicillin have?

  It revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections
• What ethical considerations are involved in drug testing?

  Ensuring participant safety and informed consent
• What role do regulatory bodies play in drug approval?

  They ensure drugs are safe and effective
• How does drug testing impact public health?

  It ensures safe medications are available