The kidneys

• What is the main role of the kidneys?

  To filter blood and remove waste
• What is the main waste product filtered by the kidneys?

  Urea
• How is urea produced in the body?

  Through deamination of excess amino acids
• Why is it important to regulate ion levels in the body?

  To prevent damage to cells and maintain function
• What ions do we commonly get from our diet?

  Sodium and potassium ions
• How do we lose ions from our body?

  Primarily through sweating
• What is the main way we lose water from the body?

  Through urine produced by the kidneys
• What happens to cells when there is too much water in the body?

  They swell and may burst
• What is the process called when the kidneys filter blood?

  Filtration
• What is selective reabsorption in the kidneys?

  Reabsorbing only useful substances from filtrate
• What analogy is used to explain selective reabsorption?

  Cleaning out your house and keeping useful items
• What forms urine in the kidneys?

  Substances that are not reabsorbed
• What structure in the brain detects water concentration in the bloodstream?

  The hypothalamus
• What hormone is released by the pituitary gland to regulate water levels?

  ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
• What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?

  It increases water reabsorption
• What happens when water levels in the bloodstream are too high?

  Less ADH is released, producing more urine
• What is a negative feedback loop in the context of water regulation?

  A system that maintains balance by adjusting levels
• How does the body respond if water levels get too low?

  It increases ADH production to retain water
• What is the overall goal of kidney function regarding water levels?

  To keep water levels perfectly balanced
• What is the main focus of today's video?

  The anatomy of the urinary system
• What are the three main roles of the kidneys?

  Remove waste, regulate ions, regulate water
• What waste product do the kidneys remove from the blood?

  Urea
• How does blood flow through the kidneys?

  In through renal arteries, out through renal veins
• What is produced from the filtered blood in the kidneys?

  Urine
• Where is urine stored before being excreted?

  In the bladder
• What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to excretion?

  Kidneys → ureters → bladder → urethra
• What is the first step in urine formation?

  Filtration in the glomerulus
• What is the structure that filters blood in the kidneys?

  Glomerulus
• What is Bowman's capsule's role in the nephron?

  It collects filtered fluid from the glomerulus
• What substances can be filtered into Bowman's capsule?

  Water, amino acids, urea, glucose, ions
• What percentage of plasma is filtered through to Bowman's capsule?

  About 20 percent
• What happens to the blood that is not filtered through the glomerulus?

  It continues through the blood vessels
• What is the process called where useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood?

  Selective reabsorption
• Which substances are almost completely reabsorbed by the kidneys?

  Glucose and amino acids
• What is the fate of urea during the reabsorption process?

  None is reabsorbed
• What are the parts of the nephron in order?

  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman's capsule
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule
  4. Loop of Henle
  5. Distal convoluted tubule
  6. Collecting duct
• What happens to fluid that passes out of the collecting duct?

  It is classed as urine
• What happens to urine after it is formed in the kidneys?

  It passes down the ureter
• What is the final destination of urine before excretion?

  The bladder
• What is the role of the urethra?

  To release urine as waste