offender

• What is the main focus of forensic psychology?

  Offender profiling
• What are the lesson objectives for the top-down approach to offender profiling?

  • Define offender profiling
  • Explain the top-down approach
  • Evaluate the top-down approach
• What is the aim of offender profiling?

  Narrow down the list of suspects
• What is the top-down approach to offender profiling based on?

  Work by the FBI in the 70s
• How many sexually motivated serial killers were interviewed for the top-down approach?

  36 serial killers
• What are the two categories determined by the top-down approach?

  Organised and disorganised
• What does the organised and disorganised distinction relate to?

  Signature and modus operandi
• What characteristics are associated with organised offenders?

  High control and planning
• What is a common trait of disorganised offenders?

  Little evidence of planning
• What is a key characteristic of organised offenders regarding their victims?

  They have a specific victim type
• What is a common trait of disorganised offenders regarding their crime scenes?

  Reflects impulsivity of the attack
• What is Ted Bundy known as?

  The organised killer

  
• What are some characteristics of organised offenders?

  Evidence of planning and high intelligence
• What is Richard Chase known as?

  The Vampire of Sacramento
• What is a common behavior of disorganised offenders?

  Murders are opportunistic
• What are the four main stages in the construction of an FBI profile?

  1. Data assimilation: Reviewing evidence
  2. Crime scene classification: Organised or disorganised
  3. Crime reconstruction: Hypotheses about events
  4. Profile generation: Likely offender characteristics
• What is a strength of the top-down approach to offender profiling?

  • Research support for organised category
  • Adaptable to other types of crime
• What did Canter et al (2004) find regarding organised offenders?

  Support for the organised category
• What was the result of Meketa's (2017) study on burglary?

  85% rise in solved cases
• What is a weakness of the top-down approach?

  Evidence for profiling was flawed
• What did Godwin (2002) suggest about organised and disorganised types?

  They are not mutually exclusive
• What are the two main types of Bottom-Up Profiling?

  Investigative Psychology and Geographical Profiling
• What is the aim of Investigative Psychology?

  • Apply statistical procedures and psychological theory
  • Analyze crime scenes
  • Establish patterns of behavior across crime scenes
• What is created as a baseline in Investigative Psychology?

  A database of crime details
• What does interpersonal coherence refer to in profiling?

  Offender's behavior and interaction with the victim
• What does forensic awareness indicate about an offender?

  They may have prior police involvement
• How does time and place information help in profiling?

  It indicates where the offender may live or work

  
• What is the concept of spatial consistency in geographical profiling?

  • Serial offenders operate in familiar areas
  • Their crimes are linked to their home base

  
• What does Circle Theory propose about an offender's pattern of offending?

  It forms a circle around the offender's home base
• What are the two types of offenders described in geographical profiling?

  Marauder and Commuter
• How does a Marauder operate according to geographical profiling?

  In close proximity to their home base
• How does a Commuter operate according to geographical profiling?

  Travels a distance from their usual residence
• Who was John Duffy and what was he known for?

  The "Railway Rapist" who committed 24 attacks
• What was the role of David Canter in profiling John Duffy?

  • Analyzed geographical information from crime scenes
  • Used bottom-up profiling techniques to create a profile
• What is the task for groups regarding case profiles?

  • Read allocated case
  • Construct a profile on A3 paper
  • Present profile to the class
• What consistent patterns were observed in the attacks on elderly women in Birmingham?

  • Attacker followed victims into lifts
  • Attacks occurred in tower blocks
  • Victims were often infirm elderly women
• What does the profile of the attacker suggest about his living situation?

  He knows flats well, suggesting similar living environment
• What does the attacker's cleanliness and organization suggest?

  He may be obsessive in nature
• What does the use of only necessary force by the attacker indicate?

  He is not violent in nature
• What does the attacker's athletic build suggest about his interests?

  He may have solitary sports interests