Organic reactions

• What are the main types of organic compounds discussed?

  Alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters
• What is the functional group contained in all alcohols?

  -OH group
• How many carbons are in ethanol?

  2 carbons
• How many carbons are in propanol?

  3 carbons
• What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

  R-C(=O)-OH
• What is methanoic acid's formula?


  HCOOH
• What is the formula for ethanoic acid?

  CH₃COOH
• What is the formula for propanoic acid?

  C₂H₅COOH
• What is the process of fermentation used for?

  To produce ethanol from sugar
• What is produced during fermentation of glucose?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is the role of yeast in fermentation?

  Provides enzymes for the process
• What is the difference between batch and continuous processes?

  Batch is discrete; continuous is ongoing
• What are the properties of alcohols?

  Good solvents, combust to CO₂ and H₂O
• What is the balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol?

  2CH₃OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 4H₂O
• What happens when alcohols react with alkali metals?

  They form hydrogen and alkoxides
• What is the result of oxidizing alcohols?

  They convert to carboxylic acids
• How does the reactivity of alcohols change with chain length?

  Reactivity decreases as chain length increases
• What is the pH of carboxylic acid solutions?

  Less than 7
• What do carboxylic acids form when they react with metals?

  Salts and hydrogen
• What do carboxylic acids form when they react with bases?

  Salts and water
• What do carboxylic acids form when they react with carbonates?

  Salts, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is the dissociation of ethanoic acid?

  CH₃COOH ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺
• What are common acids?

  Hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids
• What are common alkalis?

  Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
• What is the general reaction to form esters?

  Carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇌ ester + water
• What is the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol?

  CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water
• What are the steps to make a sample of an ester?

  1. Combine carboxylic acid and alcohol in a flask.
  2. Add a few drops of sulfuric acid.
  3. Heat the mixture.
  4. Fit the condenser vertically into the flask.
  5. Distill off the ester.
  6. Add anhydrous calcium chloride to the organic layer.
  7. Filter off the calcium chloride to obtain pure ester.
• What is the role of a catalyst in ester formation?

  It speeds up the reaction without being consumed
• Why is the aqueous layer below the organic layer in a separating funnel?

  Aqueous layer is denser than organic layer
• What is the definition of 'anhydrous'?

  Without water
• What is the significance of using anhydrous calcium chloride in ester preparation?

  It removes any remaining water
• What is the purpose of adding sodium carbonate in ester preparation?

  To neutralize any acid and stop the reaction
• What is the role of heat in the esterification process?

  It drives the reaction forward
• What is the significance of distillation in ester preparation?

  It separates the ester from the reaction mixture
• What is the relationship between crude oil and alkenes?

  Alkenes are derived from crude oil
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Saturated have single bonds; unsaturated have double bonds
• What is the process of cracking in hydrocarbons?

  Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones
• What is the significance of atom economy in chemical reactions?

  It measures the efficiency of a reaction
• What is the effect of temperature on the reaction of propene with hydrogen?

  High temperature is required for the reaction
• Why does hydrochloric acid have a lower pH than ethanoic acid at the same concentration?

  Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid