GEN 003 PT3

• Nanotechnology is the convergence of science, technology, and, engineering where the observation, characterization, design, and controlled fabrication of materials and devices are at the scale of less than 100 nanometers.
• 1 nanometer is equivalent to 10-9 meters.
• The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" by physicist Richard Feynman, who is the father of nanotechnology, at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term 'nanotechnology' was used.
• In his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology.
• It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began.
• There are two fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing, Bottom-up Fabrication and Top-down Fabrication.
• Bottom-Up Nanofabrication involves building structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule using self-assembly processes.
• Top-Down Nanofabrication involves removing material from larger objects to create smaller ones through lithography techniques such as photolithography, electron beam lithography, X-ray lithography, ion milling, etc.
• Bottom-up Fabrication is an approach to nanomanufacturing wherein it manufactures products by building them up from atomic and molecular-scale components. However, this method can be time-consuming. Scientists and engineers are still in search for effective ways of putting up together molecular components that self-assemble and from the bottom-up organized structures.
• Top-down Fabrication trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials.
• Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometres across.
• Biodiversity means the richness and variety of life - of gnes, species, and ecosystem. It maintains the health of the earth and its people.
• Genetically modified organism (GMO) is the term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.
• The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) as an organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination".
• Genetic engineering is accomplished in three basic steps. These are (1) the isolation of DNA fragments from a donor organism; (2) The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome and (3) The growth of a recombinant vector in an appropriate host.
• Climate change refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for continuous period of time.
• Hypertext transfer protocol or HTTPS, is the language used on the web for information transfer.
• User-generated content, such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions, is the lifeblood of social media.