the changing economic world

• Paper 2 of the AQA GCSE geography examination focuses on the topic of a changing economic world.
• The paper, which will be taken on Friday 9th June 2017, lasts an hour and a half and assesses Human Geography topics such as Urban issues and challenges, a changing economic World, and Resource Management.
• The paper also includes a section on the development gap, which looks at the different social and economic ways that we measure development and how development links to the demographic transition model.
• Used more rapidly in factories, UK towns grew and became cities when raw materials began to run short with competition from other places.
• The government decided to rationalize their traditional industrial base, closing many mines, factories, and docks.
• The employment structure changed as secondary industries declined and more people were employed in tertiary equitable industries, sometimes working in sites and business parks.
• The UK is sometimes described as having a post-industrial economy, focused on IT, finance, services, and research.
• The factors that have led to a gap in development and the different strategies that are used to attempt to reduce this Gap are also examined in the unit.
• The economic futures of the UK are also considered in the unit, focusing on how and why the economy has changed and the shift towards a post-industrial economy.
• Transport infrastructure plays a significant role in Economic Development and the regional inequalities that exist across the country are also examined in the unit.
• TNCs can bring advantages such as healthcare, education, and clean water supplies to low-income countries and newly emerging economies.
• TNCs also contribute to the economy of the host country by paying taxes and creating jobs.
• The disadvantages of TNCs include relaxed environmental laws, poor working conditions in factories, economic leakages where most profits are sent abroad, and the ability to exert pressure on governments.
• The advantages of TNCs can outweigh the disadvantages if they contribute to economic growth, create jobs, and provide essential services.
• The UK's economy has shifted from manufacturing to post-industrial, with a focus on services and technology.
• The shift in the UK economy has been driven by deindustrialization, globalization, and government policy.
• Transport infrastructure improvements are vital for economic growth.
• The north-south divide in the UK can be addressed through government policy and investment in infrastructure.
• Unit 2B begins by looking at global inequality in development between high-income countries (HICs) and low-income countries (LICs), and explores the different ways that development can be measured and evaluated.
• Understanding the different physical, economic, historical, and political factors that have led to a gap between HICs and LICs is crucial in understanding the development Gap.
• The unit also examines the effectiveness of different strategies used to try to reduce the development Gap.
• Development Gap refers to the disparity in development levels between countries.
• Countries and TNCs invest money and expertise to increase their profit through projects such as development of infrastructure, improvement of ports, and construction of dams to provide hydroelectric power.
• Tourism has helped to reduce the development Gap particularly for those with tropical beaches, spectacular landscapes, or abundant wildlife.
• Aid is a donation of resources to another country to help it develop or improve people's lives.
• Aid can take the form of money, grants, loans, emergency supplies, foods, technologies, or skills.
• Intermediate technology is community-led projects that use sustainable technology appropriate to the needs of the locals and also appropriate to the skills, knowledge, and wealth of local people.
• Debt relief means canceling the debts of low-income countries which they built up in the 1970s and 80s after Independence when they took out loans to invest in industry, manufacturing, and infrastructure leading to a debt crisis in 2005.
• The world's richest countries known as the G8 agreed to cancel the debt of many low-income countries so they could invest that money on industry resources or infrastructure which will all help with development.
• Fair trade can increase the quality of life of people in low-income countries or newly emerging economies through the stable income it provides and community spending.
• Emerging economies can take advantage of cheap labor to produce goods and sell them at a lower price, making traditional firms in the UK unable to compete.
• Globalization, the growth and spread of ideas around the world, has aided in the growth of world trade and the spread of cultures, goods, and information.
• Government policy has played a significant role in the shift to a post-industrial economy, with state-run industries being kept alive by government money despite being unprofitable.
• Privatization led to job losses and closures, but also private investment in redeveloping former industrial areas.
• The post-recession economic recovery has focused on stimulating the economy, rebuilding manufacturing, and encouraging tnc's to come to the UK.
• A post-industrial economy is one where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth and service sector and development of the quaternary sector.
• The shift from primary to secondary to tertiary to quaternary sectors reflects the changing nature of the UK economy over time.
• Economic and social indicators of development are also examined in the unit, including five measures of development: gross national income, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and unemployment rate.
• The UK economy began with a focus on primary Industries such as farming, fishing, and quarrying, with most people living in rural areas.
• The Industrial Revolution led to goods being produced on a large scale, and the shift to a post-industrial economy has seen manufacturing industry decline, with these jobs being replaced by service jobs in the tertiary sector.