3.2 Ethnicity & Internal factors

• What are 2 examples of ethnocentrism in everyday speech?

  -Saying that other countries 'drive on the wrong side of the road'-Saying that other languages 'write backwards' istead of 'the opposite way
• What are 3 examples of ethnocentrism in school?

  -Books are mostly written by white people-White British history from our perspective -European languages taught
• What do Gillborn & Mirza say about Black children's achievement at different points?

  Black children are 20% above average at the start of school an 20% below average at GCSE due to internal factors
• What percentage of the U.K. teacher workforce is white?

  85%
• What did Gillborn & Youdell find about how teachers treat Black children?

  -They're quicker to discipline Black children for the same behaviour as white pupils -Racialised expectations and seen as far from 'ideal pupil
• What did Wright find about how teachers treat Asian children?

  -Studied a multi-ethnic primary school-Found that Asian students were a victim of negative teacher labelling as teachers held ethnocentric views and assumed Asian pupils have poor English and were left out of discussions-Asian pupils' names were pronounced wrong or teachers didn't know or disapproved off their customs
• What did Archer say were the 3 stereotyped pupil identities?

  -Ideal pupil identity- white, MC, heterosexual, masculine, achieve in the 'right way' through ability & initiative-Pathologised pupil identity- Asian, feminine, asexual/oppressed sexuality, seen as conformist & bound to being an 'overachiever', achieve through hard work-Demonised pupil identity- white/Black WC, hyper sexualised, 'unintelligent', led astray by peers, bad behaviour & culturally deprived
• What did Archer find about how teachers label Chinese pupils?

  -Even if they're successful, they can be pathologised (they receive a negative-positive stereotype as teachers believe they achieve success in the 'wrong way')-'Overachievement'-Passive- learnt through family structures
• What did Fuller find about the responses to labelling?

  -She studied a group of successful Black girls in a London school. They were angry about labelling so motivated to succeed but didn't value teacher approval They were friends with girls in the anti school subculture & this was a way of dealing with symbolic violence between their ethnicity & school habitus which allowed them to maintain a positive self image
• What did Mirza say are the 3 types of teacher racism?

  -Colour blind- believed all pupils are equal but allow racism to go unchallenged-Liberal chauvinists- believed Black pupils are culturally deprived & have low expectations-Overt racists- believed Black pupils are inferior & actively discriminate
• What did Sewell say are the 4 subcultures that are in response to teacher racism?

  1. The rebels- small minority but most obvious. Often excluded & reject school values to be a 'Black macho lad', sexual encounters, looked down on white boys as effeminate and dismissive of Black boys2. The conformists- largest group. Keen to succeed, accepted school values but not pro school. Friends with all & anxious top avoid stereotyping3. The retreatists- small minority isolated from school & Black subcultures despised by rebels4. The innovators- 2nd largest. Pro education but anti school, value success but not teacher approval, distant from conformists & friends with rebels
• Ethnocentric


  The dominant culture/ethnic group see their own practices as superior & fail to consider other ethnic groups
• Pathologised


  Seen as abnormal/worse in some way
• What are 2 advantages & 2 disadvantages of labelling theory?


  +Doesn't blame home background & parents for underachievement +Provides a good explanation for how teachers can impact achievement-Individual teacher racism fails to account for institutional racism (minority of teachers are racist)-Determinst- danger of assuming that labelling always causes SFP
• Institutional racism


  A form of racism that's embedded in the laws & regulations of a society or organisation
• Critical Race Theory


  Racism is ingrained in society and affects everyone's daily lives
• What did Troyna & Williams say about critical race theory?

  They said that individual racism isn't enough to explain the differential educational achievement of MEGs, therefore its institutional
• What did Roithmayr say about critical race theory?

  She said that institutional racism is 'locked in' and historic discrimination is on such a large scale that there doesn't need to be conscious intent as it now self perpetuates
• How do critical race theorists see education as institutionally racist?

  -Marketisation leads to stereotypes affecting admission process-School reports found pupils with language difficulties and process was difficult for EAL parents -Applying difficult for EAL parents
• What other 3 examples are there of ethnocentrism in schools?

  -Holidays reflect Christian festivals rather than those of other religions-Arrangements for changing for PE may conflict with cultural modesty-Dietary requirements like Halal & Kosher may not be catered for
• What is the assessment game?

  -Assessment is rigged to help the dominant cultural group succeed-In 2003, foundation stage profile moved to teacher assessed judgements instead of tests which increased affect of stereotyping & overnight, Black students went from highest achieving MEG to lower than white pupils in every area
• How do teachers limit Black students' access to opportunities?

  -They put them in lower sets and remove them from the gifted & talented programme-Entered for lower tier exam-They see their potential as fixed
• Gifted & talented programme, what is a disadvantage?

  To support gifted children in inner city schools, however white pupils 5x more likely to be seen as gifted & talented as Black pupils
• What are 2 negatives and a positive of Gillborn's institutional racism theory?

  -Fails to consider external factors e.g. absent fathers in Black boys' underachievement -How can institutional racism explain the 'over-achievement of Indian & Chinese students vs Pakistani & Bangladeshi students+Label of 'model minorities' provides myth of meritocracy & justifies failure of other MEGs, model minorities still face racism
• What can we say about the relationship between ethnicity, class & gender?

  -Black boys are more likely than girls to be labelled as disruptive-Bigger gap between white MC & WC than Black MC & WC- ethnicity cant be the most significant
• What concepts can we use to evaluate?


  Determinism- do we have to accept what has happened to us or do we have free will?Temporal validity- when was this conducted? Is it valid?Population validity- too specific? Can't be used for everyone Generalisability- can we generalise for the whole population?Ethnocentrism- who conducted this?Gender bias- which gender was this sampled from?