Chapter 7
Cards (25)
- Electromagnetic radiation is a way by which energy travels through space.
- speed of light = λν.
- Energy = hν.
- Electronic transition = UV light
- Vibrational transitions = Infrared light
- Rotational transitions = microwave
- n represents the shell number
- l determines the subshell (s, p, d, f)
- ml is the magnetic quantum number, which determines the orientation of an electron within its orbit
- ms is the spin quantum number, which determines the electron's intrinsic angular momentum
- The Pauli exclusion principle - no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
- Aufbau Principle - Electrons fill up lower-energy orbitals first.
- Nodes are areas in space where the probability of finding an electron is zero.
- Degenerate orbitals have identical energy levels.
- Hund’s Rule states that when multiple degenerate orbitals exist with equal energies, electrons will occupy them singly until all orbitals are filled.
- For a shell number n, there are n2 orbitals.
- For a shell number n, there are 2n2 electrons.
- First Ionization Energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove one mole of loosely bounded electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of single positively charged gaseous ions under standard conditions.
- The first ionization energy decreases as we move down a group because the atomic radius increases, making it easier to remove an outermost electron.
- The first ionization energy increases as we move across a period because the nuclear charge increases while the shielding effect remains constant.
- Between Groups II and III ionization energies decrease because np electrons are more energetic than ns, so less energy will required to pull it out.
- Between Groups V and VI ionization energies decrease because np4 electrons are less stable as they experience more repulsions due to pairing of electrons, so less energy will required to pull it out.
- Across a period, atomic radii decrease.
- Down a group, atomic radii increase.
- Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy when one mole of gaseous atoms gains one mole of electrons to form one mole of gaseous 1- ions.