History - Health and Medicine

• Louis Pasteur published his Germ Theory in 1861
• Germ theory states that microorganisms cause disease
• Joseph Lister was the first surgeon to use antiseptics during surgery, he used carbolic acid as an antiseptic
• Robert Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis (TB) in 1882
• Joseph Lister was the first surgeon to use antiseptics during surgery, reducing infection rates from 46% to 15%
• Lister's work led to the development of sterilisation techniques which meant surgical instruments could be cleaned properly
• In 1909 Paul Ehrlich developed Salvarsan which could cure syphilis
• The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionised medicine
• Alexander Fleming's work with Penicillin won him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945
• Penicillin is made from mould found on bread
• In 1909, Paul Ehrlich developed Salvarsan, the first effective treatment against syphilis
• Paul Ehrlich also invented magic bullets, drugs designed to target specific diseases without harming healthy cells
• Penicillin is a natural antibiotic produced by moulds
• During WWII, penicillin was used to treat soldiers who had been injured in battle
• After WWII, penicillin became widely available as an antibiotic
• when was the medieval period

  10th - 15the century
• what was a barber surgeon


  a dentist who carried out minor operations
• what is an epidemic

  a sudden widespread infectious disease
• what is effluent 


  liquid waste
• what is the Hippocratic oath 


  an oath taken by new doctors swearing to help their patients to the best of their ability
• what is the doctrine of signatures 


  states that herbs that look like parts of the body can be used by herbalists to treat those specific body parts
• what is a cesspit 


  a hole in the ground full of sewage
• what is cauterisation 


  burning of skin around a wound
• what is the theory of the four humours

  blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, should be balanced with the body to prevent disease
• 2 reasons why living in a town in the Middle Ages was unhealthy

  poor, cramped housing, human and animal waste in the streets, no access to clean drinking water
• 2 ways that towns tried to improve public health in the Middle Ages

  wells for drinking water, fines for not cleaning street, tax for street cleaning, muck rakers, bath houses
• how did medieval people keep healthy

  tooth picks and mouth washes, combs and brushes, chewed fennel, bath house, drinking small ale
• if you were poor who would treat you if you were ill (medieval)

  women
• how could you be treated by a barber surgeon

  extraction of teeth, removal of moles, setting of broken bones
• how would an apothecary treat you

  herbs, spices, herbal potions, use of four humours being balanced
• what did physicians use a urine chart for in the Middle Ages

  diagnose illness
• ways that women helped treat people in the Middle Ages

  midwives, herbal potions, wise women
• what were leeches used for in the Middle Ages

  bleeding to restore balance in the four humours
• why was John Arderne a significant English surgeon

  removing growth from anus, battlefield surgeon, pain killing ointment, the 'practice of surgery' book
• what was the name of the book published by Andreas Vesalius in 1543


  The fabric of the human body
• which individual did Vesalius prove wrong

  galen
• which of Galens ideas were proved wrong by Vesalius

  That the lower jaw was in two parts, that blood passed through the septum
• what was the effect of the work of Vesalius

  he made people question Galen and showed the importance of human dissection
• who did the colour illustrations in the fabric of the human body

  Leonardo Da Vinci
• How did Ambrose Pare help wounds to heal

  On the battlefield he rain out of hot oil to treat the wound so he used an old roman recipe for an ointment of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine