AO1

• What is the main focus of Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?

  Continual presence of nurture is essential
• What are the consequences of being separated from a mother in early childhood according to Bowlby?

  Serious emotional and intellectual damage
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  Emotional and intellectual consequences of separation
• How does Bowlby define the difference between separation and deprivation?

  Separation is absence; deprivation is loss of care
• When are brief separations considered significant for development?

  When they lead to deprivation of care
• What is the critical period for psychological development according to Bowlby?

  The first 30 months of life
• What happens if a child is deprived of emotional care during the critical period?

  Psychological damage is inevitable
• How does maternal deprivation affect intellectual development?

  It leads to delayed intellectual development
• What was the average IQ of the fostered group in Goldfarb's study?

  96
• What was the average IQ of the group that remained in the orphanage in Goldfarb's study?

  68
• What is affectionless psychopathy?

  Lack of empathy and caring behaviors
• What was the sample used in Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

  44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing
• What was the aim of Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

  To examine links between deprivation and psychopathy
• How many thieves were identified as affectionless psychopaths in Bowlby’s study?

  14
• What percentage of affectionless psychopaths experienced prolonged separation from their mothers?

  12 out of 14
• What were the findings regarding the control group in Bowlby’s study?

  Only 2 had long separations, none were psychopaths
• What conclusion did Bowlby reach regarding prolonged deprivation?

  It is related to affectionless psychopathy