B1

• Movement: change in position or place
• respiration: break down nutrient molecules to release energy
• excretion: removal of waste products of metabolism
• growth: permanent increase in size and dry mass
• sensitivity: ability to detect changes in environment
• reproduction: making more of the same kind of organism
• nutrition: taking in nutrients containing raw minerals or energy for growth and tissue repair (absorbing and assimilating them)
• magnification = drawing size / actual size
• no units for magnification
• particles diffuse down a concentration gradient
• diffusion does not occur in solids
• diffusion occurs when particles spread
• diffusion allows dissolved/gaseous substances to pass through cell membrane of a cell
• diffusion: net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (due to the random movement of particles)
• no energy needed for diffusion (passive process)
• dynamic equilibrium: the state in which the concentrations of the diffusing substance in the two comparments are the same or become equal
• osmosis: diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane
• osmosis allows cells to regulate the balance of water inside cells
• concentration of solutes out the cell determines whether a cell is isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic
• isotonic solution has the same amount of solute inside as the solute outside cell so there is no change in size because there is no difference in water potential across the membrane (flaccid)
• hypertonic solution has more solute inside than outside so it causes the cell to shrink due to loss of water by osmosis (plasmolysed)
• hypotonic solution has less solute inside than outside so it causes the cell to swell up as water enters by osmosis (turgid)
• carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose
• living organisms are made of cells
• ciliated cells - movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
• root hair cells - absorption
• palisade mesophyll cells - photosynthesis
• red blood cells - transport of oxygen
• sperm and egg cells - reproduction.