mutations and how they affect organisms

• • Cellular levels: germline cell will be passed on to every cell in the offspring in the gamete, where somatic mutation (mutation is a non-reproductive body cell) may lead to localised effect e.g tumour development
• • Population level: source of new alleles and introduce genetic variation into population. Heritability can be passed on into new generations. Expressed as difference in phenotype, natural selection can act on these differences→ desirable traits flourish→ continuity of alleles that increase chances of survival or organisms within population
• • Individuals: differ in phenotype effect