Behaviourism

• What is a phobia?

  An irrational fear of specific objects
• Why might someone have phobias?

  Due to a combination of factors
• What are the key debates in psychology?

  • Reductionism vs. Holism
  • Nature vs. Nurture
  • Free will vs. Determinism
• What does reductionism refer to in psychology?

  Breaking down behavior into parts
• What does holism refer to in psychology?

  Understanding phenomena as a whole
• What is free will in psychology?

  Choosing behavior within constraints
• What is determinism in psychology?

  Behavior is outside individual control
• What does nature refer to in psychology?

  Influence of inherited biological factors
• What does nurture refer to in psychology?

  Influence of environment and experience
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning behavior through association
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

  Stimulus producing a reflex response
• What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

  Reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus
• What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

  New stimulus paired with UCS
• What is a conditioned response (CR)?

  Learned response to a conditioned stimulus
• What did Pavlov's research demonstrate?

  Learning through association in animals
• What happens to the CS after many pairings with the UCS?

  The CS elicits a reflex response
• What was the UCS in Watson & Rayner's experiment?

  Loud noise that induced fear
• What was the UCR in Watson & Rayner's experiment?

  Fear response to the loud noise
• What was the CS in Watson & Rayner's experiment?

  White rat presented with loud noise
• What was the CR in Watson & Rayner's experiment?

  Fear response to the white rat
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through active interaction with environment
• Who is associated with operant conditioning?

  B.F. Skinner
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Receiving a reward for a behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Avoiding something unpleasant
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence of behavior
• What is positive punishment?

  Adding an undesirable stimulus after behavior
• What is negative punishment?

  Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
• What are the features of Skinner's Box experiment?

  • Demonstrated operant conditioning principles
  • Used positive and negative reinforcement
  • Showed behavior shaping through consequences
• What are schedules of reinforcement?

  Patterns of dispensing reinforcers
• What is continuous reinforcement?

  Reinforcing behavior every time it occurs
• What is partial reinforcement?

  Reinforcing behavior only part of the time
• What is a token economy?

  • A system rewarding behavior with tokens
  • Tokens can be exchanged for privileges
  • Used in institutions like prisons
• What is systematic desensitization?

  A therapy to reduce phobia-related anxiety
• What is scientific credibility in behaviorism?

  Falsifiable, objective, and replicable methods
• What does the nature-nurture debate involve?

  Influences of genetics and environment on behavior
• What is quantitative data?

  Data in numerical form
• Why do behaviorists avoid qualitative data?

  Subjectivity and lack of replicability
• What does the behavioral approach say about behavior?

  All behavior is learned through experience
• What is the significance of the Little Albert experiment?

  Demonstrated classical conditioning in humans
• What are the strengths of classical conditioning?

  Real-life applications and research support