A system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of social group and participants in its culture, express themselves
A concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitudes, and habits of the individuals in these groups
The process where the language of the wider society (majority) displaces the minority mother tongue language over time in migrant communities or communities under military occupation
What is the status of post-vocal [r] in different regions?
In many parts of England and Wales, Standard English has lost the pronunciation of post-vocal r, while in cities like New York, pronouncing the letter [r] is regarded as prestigious
If a language has no native speakers and develops as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language, what type of language is it?
If a community is experiencing language shift, where the majority language is displacing the minority language over time, what factors are likely contributing to this process?
Economic, social, and political factors, demographic factors, and attitudes and values