EL101

    Cards (38)

    • What is language defined as?
      A system of symbols for expression
    • What are the functions of language?
      Communication, identity, play, expression
    • What is language?
      A system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of social group and participants in its culture, express themselves
    • What are the functions of language?
      Communication, expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, emotional release
    • What is culture?
      A concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitudes, and habits of the individuals in these groups
    • What is society?
      A complex network of individuals who interact, share common values, and form organized communities
    • What is sociolinguistics?
      The study of relationships between language and society, examining how language is used and how it varies in different social contexts
    • What are the main topics in sociolinguistics?
      Bilingual communities, language shift and death, linguistic variation, social and cultural patterns of language use
    • What is the difference between sociolinguistics and sociology of language?
      Sociolinguistics focuses on "Society of Language", while sociology of language focuses on "Language effects on society"
    • What are the main areas of study in the field of sociolinguistics?
      Varieties of language, language in contact, language maintenance and shift, language change
    • What is a pidgin?
      A language which has no native speakers, that develops as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language
    • What is a creole?
      A pidgin that has acquired native speakers
    • What is code-switching?
      The change from one language or dialect to another within the same sentence or utterance
    • What is code-mixing?
      The incorporation of elements of one language into another, such as words, phrases, and particles
    • What is language shift?
      The process where the language of the wider society (majority) displaces the minority mother tongue language over time in migrant communities or communities under military occupation
    • What are some factors that lead to language shift?
      Economic, social, and political factors, demographic factors, and attitude and values
    • How can a minority language be maintained?
      Through contact with the homeland, interaction, intermarriage, and institutional support
    • What are the main causes of language change according to Holmes (2001)?
      Variation in the areas of pronunciation and vocabulary
    • What is the status of post-vocal [r] in different regions?
      In many parts of England and Wales, Standard English has lost the pronunciation of post-vocal r, while in cities like New York, pronouncing the letter [r] is regarded as prestigious
    • What are the main steps in language planning?
      Selection, codification, elaboration, and securing its acceptance
    • What is a language variety?
      A general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression, including language, dialect, sociolect, register, jargon, and idiolect
    • What is a dialect?
      A geographical variant of a language that is characterized by systematic features that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language
    • What is a sociolect?
      A variety of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any other social group
    • What are the main ways in which languages vary in social dialect?
      Vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar
    • What are the key differences between dialects and sociolects?
      • Dialects are geographical variants of a language, while sociolects are varieties used by social groups
      • Dialects are characterized by systematic linguistic features, while sociolects are associated with social background
      • Dialects are often seen as less prestigious than the standard language, while sociolects can be associated with prestige or stigma
    • What are the main factors that can lead to language shift in a community?
      • Economic, social, and political factors (e.g. migration, urbanization, globalization)
      • Demographic factors (e.g. population changes, intermarriage)
      • Attitudes and values (e.g. prestige of majority language, desire for social mobility)
    • What are the main strategies for maintaining a minority language in a community?
      • Maintaining contact with the homeland
      • Encouraging interaction and intermarriage within the community
      • Securing institutional support (e.g. education, media, government)
    • What are the key differences between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language?
      • Sociolinguistics focuses on "Society of Language", studying how language varies across social contexts
      • Sociology of language focuses on "Language effects on Society", studying how language shapes social structures and institutions
    • What are the main areas of study in the field of sociolinguistics?
      • Varieties of language (e.g. dialects, sociolects)
      • Language in contact (e.g. pidgins, creoles, code-switching, code-mixing)
      • Language maintenance and shift
      • Language change
    • How does the status of post-vocal [r] vary across different regions?
      • In many parts of England and Wales, Standard English has lost the pronunciation of post-vocal [r], which is seen as rural and uneducated
      • In cities like New York, pronouncing the letter [r] is regarded as prestigious
    • What are the main steps in language planning?
      • Selection: Choosing the variety to be developed
      • Codification: Standardizing the language's grammar, spelling, and pronunciation
      • Elaboration: Expanding the language's functions and domains of use
      • Securing acceptance: Promoting the use and status of the language
    • If you wanted to study how language is used and varies in different social contexts, which field of study would you focus on?
      Sociolinguistics
    • If a language has no native speakers and develops as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language, what type of language is it?
      A pidgin
    • If a pidgin language acquires native speakers, what type of language does it become?
      A creole
    • If a community is experiencing language shift, where the majority language is displacing the minority language over time, what factors are likely contributing to this process?
      Economic, social, and political factors, demographic factors, and attitudes and values
    • If you wanted to help maintain a minority language in a community, what strategies would you recommend?
      Maintaining contact with the homeland, encouraging interaction and intermarriage within the community, and securing institutional support
    • How does the status of post-vocal [r] differ between regions like England/Wales and cities like New York?
      In England/Wales, the lack of post-vocal [r] is seen as rural and uneducated, while in New York, pronouncing the [r] is regarded as prestigious
    • What is the key difference between dialects and sociolects?
      Dialects are geographical variants of a language, while sociolects are varieties used by social groups
    See similar decks