AO1

• What research method has been used to study maternal deprivation?

  Orphan studies
• What tragic opportunity arose in Romania in the 1990s?

  To study effects of institutional care
• What did former president Nicolai Ceaucescu require Romanian women to do?

  Have five children
• What happened to many Romanian children due to poverty?

  They ended up in huge orphanages
• What occurred after the 1989 revolution in Romania?

  Many children were adopted
• What is the definition of institutionalisation?

  • Effects of living in an institutional setting
  • Little emotional care provided
  • Examples include hospitals and orphanages
• What are orphan studies concerned with?

  • Children placed in care
  • Parents cannot look after them
  • Orphans are children whose parents are deceased or abandoned them
• How many Romanian orphans did Rutter and colleagues follow in their study?

  165 Romanian orphans
• What aspects of development were assessed in Rutter's study?

  Physical, cognitive, and emotional development
• At what ages were the Romanian orphans assessed in Rutter's study?

  4, 6, 11, and 15 years
• What served as a control group in Rutter's study?

  52 British children adopted around the same time
• What signs did half of the adoptees show upon arrival in the UK?

  Delayed intellectual development
• What percentage of the Romanian adoptees were severely undernourished?

  The majority
• What was the mean IQ of children adopted before six months?

  102
• How did the mean IQ of children adopted between 6 months and 2 years compare to those adopted after 2 years?

  It was higher than those adopted after 2 years
• What attachment behavior was observed in children adopted after six months?

  Signs of disinhibited attachment
• What happened to most children adopted before six months in Rutter's study?


  They caught up with the control group by age four
• What does disinhibited attachment typically result from?

  Spending time in an institution
• How does Rutter explain disinhibited attachment?

  As an adaptation to multiple caregivers
• What was the aim of Rutter's study?

  To investigate effects of poor early experiences
• What conclusion was drawn from Rutter's study?

  Poor early experiences affect long-term development
• How many children were assessed in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

  95 children
• What was the average time spent in institutional care by children in the Bucharest study?

  90% of their lives
• What method was used to measure attachment type in the Bucharest study?

  The strange situation
• What percentage of the control group was securely attached?

  74%
• What percentage of the institutional group was securely attached?

  19%
• What type of attachment was classified in 65% of the institutional group?

  Disorganized attachment
• What percentage of institutionalized children displayed disinhibited attachment?

  44%
• What was the aim of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

  • Investigate effects of institutional care
  • Assess children's attachment types
  • Compare institutionalized children with controls
• What conclusion was drawn from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

  • Institutional care increases insecure attachment
  • Higher likelihood of disinhibited attachment
  • Poor early experiences affect attachment development
• What is disinhibited attachment?

  An attachment disorder with little fear of strangers
• What behavior characterizes a child with disinhibited attachment?

  They may actively approach unfamiliar adults
• What is disorganized attachment?

  An attachment style resulting from caregiver fear
• When can disorganized attachment develop?

  When caregivers become a source of fear
• What are the key differences between disinhibited and disorganized attachment?

  • Disinhibited attachment:
  • Little to no fear of strangers
  • Actively approaches unfamiliar adults
  • Disorganized attachment:
  • Caregivers are a source of fear
  • Results from inconsistent caregiver behavior