AO3

• What has studying Romanian orphans increased understanding of?

  Effects of institutionalization
• What improvements have been implemented due to the Romanian orphan study results?

  Improvements in child care in institutions
• What is a key worker in the context of child care?

  One or two key people in care
• Why is having a key worker beneficial for children in care?

  It helps develop normal attachments
• What is a significant benefit of research on Romanian orphans?

  Recommending positive changes in care
• What did the Romanian orphan studies allow researchers to investigate?

  Effects of institutionalization with fewer variables
• What was a common issue in studies before the Romanian orphan studies?

  Children experienced loss or trauma before institutionalization
• Why were confounding variables less of a problem in Romanian orphan studies?

  Children had fewer prior traumatic experiences
• What does higher internal validity in studies indicate?

  Less confounding variables affecting results
• What type of research were the Romanian orphan studies?

  Longitudinal research
• How long was the tracking period in Rutter’s ERA study?

  Eleven years
• What advantage does longitudinal research provide in studying institutionalization?

  Examines changes over time
• What is a criticism of institutionalization research regarding individual differences?

  Individual differences may significantly affect outcomes
• What does some research suggest about children who do not form attachments?

  They may be unable to recover
• What did Rutter suggest about some children in institutions?

  They might receive special attention
• What does the ability of some children to recover from institutionalization suggest?

  Findings are not universal for all children
• How were the Romanian orphanages described in terms of care quality?

  Unusually poor standards of care
• What was particularly lacking in Romanian orphanages?

  Intellectual stimulation and relationships
• What limitation does the poor quality of Romanian orphanages present for research findings?

  Results may lack generalizability
• What does cognitive impairment refer to?

  Problems with thinking, learning, and decision-making
• What are some signs of cognitive impairment?

  Memory loss and trouble concentrating
• What difficulties might a person with cognitive impairment face?

  Completing tasks and understanding instructions
• How does cognitive impairment affect problem-solving abilities?

  It can hinder the ability to solve problems effectively
• What is a common issue related to memory in cognitive impairment?

  Memory loss
• How does cognitive impairment affect following instructions?

  It can make following instructions difficult
• What is a key aspect of cognitive impairment related to decision-making?

  Difficulty in making decisions