Properties of Covalent Bonds

• What type of atoms participate in covalent bonding?

  Non-metal atoms
• What occurs during covalent bonding?

  Atoms share electrons to become stable
• Why do atoms share electrons in covalent bonding?

  To achieve a full outer shell
• What is the term used to describe the electrons that are not shared between atoms in the image?

  Unpaired valence electrons
• What is the result of the electron sharing in water's covalent bonds?

  It creates strong covalent bonds
• What is the difference between the "Unpaired valence electrons" and "Sharing of available valence electrons" images?

  • "Unpaired valence electrons" shows the electrons that are not shared between atoms
  • "Sharing of available valence electrons" shows the transfer of valence electrons between atoms to form a covalent bond
• If atom A has 5 valence electrons and atom B has 3 valence electrons, how many valence electrons will be shared between them in the covalent molecule?

  2
• What type of atoms form covalent bonds?

  Two non-metal atoms
• How do covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms?

  • Atoms have unpaired electrons in outer shell
  • They share valence electrons
  • Positive nuclei attract shared electrons
  • Results in a stable molecule
• How does the attraction of positive nuclei contribute to the stability of a molecule formed by covalent bonds?

  It stabilizes the shared electrons between atoms
• What do atoms do in covalent bonds?

  Atoms share their outer electrons
• What does the sharing of electrons create in covalent bonds?

  A stable bond between atoms
• What is the role of shared electrons in covalent bonds?

  They are held equally between the nuclei
• What do non-metal atoms share to form covalent bonds?

  Valence electrons
• How do the different types of covalent bonds compare in terms of bond strength?

  Bond strength:

  Triple bond > Double bond > Single bond
• What are the key features of a triple covalent bond?

  • Three shared pairs of electrons between two atoms
  • Strongest type of covalent bond
  • Found in molecules like N≡N->N2
• What is a single covalent bond?

  Atoms share one pair of electrons
• What effect does bond strength have on molecular stability?

  Stronger bonds make the molecule more stable
• What is a double covalent bond?

  Atoms share two pairs of electrons
• How does the number of shared electron pairs affect bond length?

  More pairs shared means shorter bonds
• What is the relationship between the number of electron pairs shared and bond strength?

  More pairs shared means stronger bonds
• If a compound has the formula CH4, what type of bond is present between the carbon and hydrogen atoms?

  Covalent bond
• What are the key features of covalent compounds?

  • Formed by sharing of electrons between atoms
  • Atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds
  • Typically have low melting and boiling points
  • Good insulators of heat and electricity
• What are the key differences between covalent and ionic compounds?

  • Covalent: Formed by sharing of electrons, low melting/boiling points, poor conductors
  • Ionic: Formed by transfer of electrons, high melting/boiling points, good conductors
• How do covalent bonds fill outer shells?

  By sharing electrons between atoms
• What is created when two non-metal atoms form a covalent bond?

  A stable molecule
• What is a triple covalent bond?

  Atoms share three pairs of electrons
• What is the role of the atoms' positive nuclei in covalent bonding?

  They are attracted to the shared electrons
• What type of covalent bond is shown in the second image?

  Double bond
• What type of covalent bond is shown in the third image?

  Triple bond