Epistaxis

• What is epistaxis?

  Nose bleeds
• What is epistaxis split into?

  Anterior

  Posterior
• What normally causes anterior bleeds?

  Insult due to Kiesselbach's plexus
• What are some common causes of epistaxis?

  Nose picking

  Trauma to nose

  Insertion of foreign bodies

  Bleeding disorders

  Cocaine use

  Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
• How should epistaxis be managed if the patient it haemodynamically stable?

  Patient sits with torso forward and mouth open

  Pinch cartilaginous area of nose

  Topical antiseptic
• What should happen if bleeding does not stop after 10-15 mins of continuous pressure?

  Cautery or packing
• When should admission be considered for epistaxis?

  Under 2 years of age - check underlying cause
• What should happen if epistaxis has failed all emergency management?

  Sphenopalatine ligation in theatre