lower limb (ankle and foot)

• What are the components of the tibia and fibula?

  Tibia and fibula
• What is the interosseous membrane?

  Extra layer of tissue keeping bones together
• What is the ankle joint?

  Where tibia and fibula meet the foot
• What is the function of the ankle joint?

  Provides propulsion and restraint at each step
• What makes up the ankle joint?

  Distal end of tibia and fibula
• What are the bony prominences of the ankle?

  Medial malleolus on tibia, lateral malleolus on fibula
• What type of joint is the ankle?

  Talocrural joint
• What is the articulation in the talocrural joint?

  Between malleolus of tibia and fibula with talus
• What are the characteristics of the talocrural joint?

  Uni-axial hinge joint allowing plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion
• What is the structure of the foot?

  • 26 bones total
  • 7 tarsal bones: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, medial, lateral, intermediate cuneiforms
  • 5 metatarsal bones
  • 3 phalanges for toes, 2 for big toe
• What type of joints are found in the foot?

  Subtalar, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
• What is the function of the joints in the foot?

  Support body weight and absorb shocks
• What is the talocalcaneal joint also known as?

  Sub-talar joint
• What does the talocalcaneal joint allow?

  Inversion and eversion movement
• What factors impact the stability of a joint?

  Shape of bones, ligaments, connective tissues
• What are the ligaments of the ankle and rearfoot?

  Lateral aspect:

  • Anterior talofibular (ATFL)
  • Posterior talofibular (PTFL)
  • Calcaneofibular (CFL)

  
  

  Medial aspect:

  • Anterior tibiotalar
  • Posterior tibiotalar
  • Tibiocalcaneal
  • Tibionavicular (deltoid ligament)
• Why is the medial side of the ankle stronger than the lateral side?

  Stronger ligaments and fibula's position
• What are the components of the midtarsal joint?

  Calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints
• What are the tarsal bones?

  Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms
• What are the joints in the forefoot?

  • Tarso-metatarsal joints: non-axial, gliding
  • Inter-metatarsal joints: non-axial, gliding
  • Metatarso-phalangeal joints: flexion-extension, limited adduction-abduction
  • Inter-phalangeal joints: flexion-extension
• What are plantar arches?

  Three arches formed by tarsal and metatarsal bones
• What is the medial longitudinal arch?

  Arch from calcaneus to 1st metatarsal
• What is the lateral longitudinal arch?

  Arch from calcaneus to 5th metatarsal
• What is the anterior transverse arch?

  Arch formed by bases of metatarsal bones
• What is the plantar fascia?

  • Thick band of fascia on plantar surface
  • Connects heel to base of toes
  • Allows foot arch movement
  • Provides flexibility and shock absorption
• What are the movements of the ankle and foot?

  • Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
  • Inversion/eversion
  • Forefoot adduction/abduction
  • Pronation/supination
  • Flexion/extension of toes
• What is plantarflexion/dorsiflexion?

  Movement in sagittal plane at talocrural joint
• What is the difference between plantarflexion and dorsiflexion?

  Plantarflexion points down, dorsiflexion points up
• What is inversion/eversion?

  Movement in frontal plane at subtalar joint
• What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

  Inversion heel in, eversion heel out
• What is forefoot adduction/abduction?

  Movement in transverse plane at multiple joints
• What is the difference between adduction and abduction?

  Adduction turns in, abduction turns out
• What are pronation and supination?

  Combination movements across ankle and foot
• What common movements occur when walking?

  Movements during the stance phase of gait cycle
• What is flexion/extension of the toes?

  Movement at interphalangeal joints in sagittal plane
• What are the muscles of the ankle and foot?

  • Extrinsic muscles: originate outside ankle-foot complex
  • Intrinsic muscles: both attachments within the foot
• What is the function of the anterior muscles of the foot?

  Dorsiflexion, extension of toes, inversion/eversion
• What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

  Main dorsi-flexor of the ankle
• What is the origin of the tibialis anterior?

  Lateral condyle of tibia and upper lateral surface
• What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?

  Medial surface of medial cuneiform and base of MT1