Infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  microorganisms that cause disease
• How can microorganisms be spread?

  Through air, water, direct contact, and vectors
• What are vectors?

  organisms that carry and pass on the pathogen without getting the disease
• How can the spread of infectious disease can be reduced?

  Simple hygiene, destroying vectors, vaccination, isolating infected people
• What are some symptoms of measles?

  fever, red skin rash
• How is measles spread?

  breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs
• What does HIV cause?

  AIDS
• How is HIV spread?

  sexual contact or exchange of body fluids
• What does HIV damage?

  the body’s immune system
• What plant disease is caused by a virus?

  tobacco mosaic disease
• What do bacteria produce?

  toxins
• What are 2 examples of bacterial diseases?

  salmonella and gonorrhoea
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  thick yellow discharge, pain when urinating
• How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

  contraceptive methods e.g. condom
• What are some symptoms of salmonella?

  fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How is salmonella spread?

  Bacteria ingested in food (which has not been cooked properly or not prepared in hygienic conditions)
• Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  prokaryotic
• Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

  eukaryotic
• What do mosquitos transmit?

  Malaria
• What does malaria cause?

  severe fever
• How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

  killing mosquitoes, use mosquito nets
• What is an example of a fungal disease in plants?

  rose black spot
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  fungicides, removing affected leaves
• How is rose black spot spread?

  spores carried from plant to plant
• How do tears protect the body?

  contain enzymes that destroy microorganisms
• How do cilia protect the body?

  sweep mucus along
• How does mucus protect the body?

  trap particles and bacteria
• Name some of the bodies non-specific defences?

  glands in stomach wall (produce HCl)

  mucus

  tears
• What is a non-specific defence?

  first line of defence against pathogens
• How do white blood cells help defend against pathogens?

  phagocytosis
• What does phagocytosis involve?

  pathogen being engulfed and digested
• What is immunity?

  ability to attack pathogen before it causes disease
• What are antibiotics?

  medicines used to kill bacterial pathogens inside the body
• Name a strain of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.

  MRSA
• How can we reduce the rate at which resistant strains of bacteria develop?

  -doctors should NOT prescribe antibiotics generously

  -patients complete the FULL course of antibiotics
• Why are new antibiotics needed?

  as resistant strains of bacteria develop
• What must antiviral drugs NOT do?

  damage the body‘s tissues
• What do painkillers NOT do?

  kill the pathogen
• Where does aspirin originate from?

  Willow