Mendelian Genetics

• The law of segregation states that each individual has two alleles for each trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits or characteristics.
• The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while the phenotype refers to its observable characteristics.
• The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of different traits is not linked or dependent on each other, meaning that they can be inherited independently from each other.
• Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when both are present in an organism.
• Incomplete dominance occurs when both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
• Incomplete dominance occurs when neither dominant nor recessive alleles completely hide the expression of another allele.
• Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing a single characteristic.
• Males only have one X chromosome, so any mutations on this chromosome will affect them more than females.
• Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosomes (X and Y) and have different effects on males and females due to their location.
• Codominance is where two alleles express themselves simultaneously without one being dominant over the other.
• Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing a particular characteristic.
• Multiple alleles refer to more than two variants of a gene at a single locus.
• Codominance happens when both alleles express themselves fully in the phenotype.
• Sex-linked inheritance refers to the transmission of certain traits along sex chromosomes (X and Y).
• Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (FVIII) and affects males more frequently than females.
• Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, can be inherited from either parent but is more common in men due to its location on the X chromosome.