class differences internal

• What are external factors affecting educational achievement?

  Cultural deprivation, material deprivation, cultural capital
• Why are external factors significant in educational achievement?

  They create social class differences in achievement
• What is the focus of the current discussion in the text?

  The role of internal factors in achievement
• What is the main topic of the study material?

  Class differences in achievement
• What is meant by internal factors in education?

  Factors within the education system affecting achievement
• How do internal factors differ from external factors in educational achievement?

  Internal factors are within the education system
• What do some sociologists believe causes working class underachievement?

  Factors inside the school environment
• What are some factors that hinder a pupil's ability to achieve?

  Labelling, streaming, pupil subcultures
• Who proposed the concept of the "ideal pupil"?

  Becker
• How do teachers' labels affect students' motivation?

  Labels can dampen or enhance motivation
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  Labels influence students' self-concept and motivation
• What happens when students receive a positive label?

  They create a positive self-concept
• What was the main finding of Rosenthal and Jacobson's study?

  Teachers treated falsely identified 'spurts' differently
• What percentage of falsely identified 'spurts' improved significantly?

  47%
• What did Gillborn and Youdell find about working-class students?

  They were labelled as unintelligent
• What is streaming in education?

  Grouping students by perceived ability
• What are the two ways pupil subcultures develop according to Lacey?

  Polarisation and differentiation
• What is polarisation in the context of pupil subcultures?

  Pupils respond to streaming by forming subcultures
• What is differentiation in education?

  Higher streams gain higher status
• What did Hargreaves find about boys in lower streams?

  They formed groups for status and flouted rules
• What label were boys in lower streams given by Hargreaves?

  Worthless louts
• What did Archer et al. find about working-class pupils' identities?

  They invest in 'nike' identities
• Why do working-class pupils self-exclude from education?

  Education does not fit their identity
• How do working-class pupils view education according to Archer et al.?

  As unrealistic and undesirable
• What does 'habitus' refer to in this context?

  Socially ingrained habits and dispositions