Industrial Medicine : 1700 - 1900

• Louis Pasteur developed vaccinations against Chicken Cholera and Anthrax and disproved the miasma theory and spontaneous generation.
• Robert Koch dyed bacteria so they could be seen and studied and developed techniques for growing bacteria, identifying the bacteria that caused TB, Cholera and Typhoid.
• Robert Koch revolutionised the study of Bacteriology, allowing other scientists to locate specific germs that caused specific diseases in humans.
• James Simpson used Chloroform as an anaesthetic which did not have the negative effects of ether in 1847.
• Joseph Lister used Carbolic Acid as an antiseptic during surgery, reducing the death rate of his patients.
• Edwin Chadwick wrote a report into living conditions in 1842, influencing the government to introduce the 1848 Public Health Act, raising awareness of poverty and its impact and changing attitudes toward poverty and the poor.
• Dr John Snow proved that water from a contaminated pump in Broad Street was the cause of a cholera outbreak in London in 1851, leading to the closure of the pump and influencing the 1875 Public Health Act.
• Florence Nightingale improved nursing during the Crimean War and improved hygiene in hospitals, resulting in a decline in death rates in military hospitals.
• Florence Nightingale set up a training academy for nurses in England and improved standards in nursing.
• Louis Pasteur developed vaccinations against Chicken Cholera and Anthrax and disproved the miasma theory and spontaneous generation.
• Robert Koch identified the bacteria that caused TB, Cholera and Typhoid and revolutionised the study of Bacteriology.
• James Simpson used Chloroform as an anaesthetic which did not have the negative effects of ether in 1847.
• Joseph Lister used Carbolic Acid as an antiseptic during surgery and reduced the death rate of his patients.
• Edwin Chadwick wrote a report into living conditions in 1842 which influenced the government to introduce the 1848 Public Health Act, raising awareness of poverty and its impact and changing attitudes toward poverty and the poor.
• Dr John Snow proved that the water from a contaminated pump in Broad Street was the cause of a cholera outbreak in London in 1851.
• The Broad Street pump was closed down as a result of Snow's work.
• Florence Nightingale improved nursing during the Crimean War and improved hygiene in hospitals, resulting in a decline in death rates in military hospitals.
• Florence Nightingale set up a training academy for nurses in England and standards in nursing improved.
• • Industrial causes of disease - Spontaneous Generation- an alternative to the Theory of the Four Humours. Improvements in the microscope meant that scientists could now see bacteria, so this theory developed. The theory was that germs were the product of decay (rotting matter), rather than the cause of it. Germs cause disease
  • Industrial treatments -

  Better hospitals and nursing

  Improvements in surgery because of anaesthetics and antiseptics

  • Industrial preventions - Vaccinations, improved water supples and

  drainage, because of Public Health Act 1875
• Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882, leading to the development of BCG vaccine against TB.
• In 1863 Joseph Lister introduced carbolic acid spray to clean wounds, reducing infection rate by half. He also used sterilisation techniques on instruments and bandages, further improving surgical outcomes.
• Edward Jenner invented vaccination against smallpox in 1796.
• Joseph Lister introduced antisepsis into surgical practice by using carbolic acid on wounds, reducing infection rate from 46% to 3%. This led to the introduction of sterilisation techniques in operating theatres.
• Joseph Bazalgette designed London's sewer system which reduced cholera outbreaks from contaminated drinking water.
• John Snow identified the Broad Street pump as the source of the cholera epidemic in Soho in 1854.
• Edward Jenner invented the first vaccination with cowpox to replace inoculation of smallpox. He discovered the vaccination in 1796 by giving 8 year old James Phipps cowpox and then smallpox and he was unaffected.
• 2nd Public Health act 1875 -

  It was made compulsory to:

  Appoint medical officers who looked after public health of area, maintain sewerage systems to prevent further cholera outbreaks and keep the streets clean.